• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.376-385
• /
• 2018

To estimate the hourly temperature distribution due to solar radiation during the day, on slope in complex terrain, an empirical formula was developed including the hourly deviation in the observed temperature following solar radiation deviation, at weather stations on the east-facing and west-facing slopes. The solar radiation effect was simulated using the empirical formula to estimate hourly temperature at 11 weather observation sites in mountainous agricultural areas, and the result was verified for the period from January 2015 to December 2017. When the estimated temperature was compared with the control, only considering temperature lapse rate, it was found that the tendency to underestimate the temperature from 9 am to 3 pm was reduced with the use of an empirical formula in the form of linear expression; consequently, the estimation error was reduced as well. However, for the time from 5 pm to 6 pm, the estimation error was smaller when a hyperbolic equation drawn from the deviation in solar radiation on the slope, which was calculated based on geometric conditions, was used instead of observed values. The reliability of estimating the daytime temperature at 3 pm was compared with existing estimation model proposed in other studies; the estimation error could be mitigated up to an ME (mean error) of $-0.28^{\circ}C$ and RMSE (root mean square error) of $1.29^{\circ}C$ compared to the estimation error in previous models (ME $-1.20^{\circ}C$, RMSE $2.01^{\circ}C$).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 1995

Energy obtained by grazing cattle in oil palm plantations is usually used for maintenance of body functions, the construction of body tissues and pregnancy, the synthesis of milk and the conversion to mechanical energy used for activities such as walking, eating and others. In this study, attempt was made to estimate metabolizable energy (ME) requirement of grazing cattle. Models of ME requirement (MER) for maintenance, gain, pregnancy, lactation and activities were developed. ME system and units were used because of wide recognition. Estimation of ME intake in grazing cattle was expressed as MEVI = $14.58{\times}VI{\times}DMD$, and under grazing condition MEVI = $MER_i$. MER was expressed as a function of net energy(NER, MJ) required for the i'th body function. Coefficient of efficiency for conversion of ME into net energy(ki) was adopted from literatures. Quantifying of ME requirement for Kedah-Kelantan cattle under grazing condition was made by using equation MERM = NEM / kn. The estimated values of MER for Kedah-Kelantan cattle is quite reasonable if compared with other estimates as reported in literatures from stall-fed animals. Dynamic MER models for grazing herd was developed in order to estimate ME requirement for maintenance and productions. These ME requirement models can be used for prediction of energy utilization pattern of the herd in the grazing systems.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.18-27
• /
• 2009

In this paper, we propose a frame rate conversion algorithm using adaptive search-based motion estimation (ME). The proposed ME method uses recursive search, 3-step search, and single predicted search as candidates for search strategy. The best method among the three candidates is adaptively selected on a block basis according to the predicted motion type. The adaptation of the search method improves the accuracy of the estimated motion vectors while curbing the increase of computational load. To support the proposed ME method, an entire image is divided into three regions with different motion types. Experimental results show that the proposed FRC method achieves better image quality than existing algorithms in both subjective and objective measures.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.293-304
• /
• 2011

In this paper, we proposed a new hardware architecture for motion estimation (ME) which is the most time-consuming unit among H.264 algorithms and designed to the type of intellectual property (IP). The proposed ME hardware consists of buffer, processing unit (PU) array, SAD (sum of absolute difference) selector, and motion vector (MVgenerator). PU array is composed of 16 PUs and each PU consists of 16 processing elements (PUs). The main characteristics of the proposed hardware are that current and reference frames are re-used to reduce the number of access to the external memory and that there is no clock loss during SAD operation. The implemented ME hardware occupies 3% hardware resources of StatixIII EP3SE80F1152C2 which is a FPGA of Altera Inc. and can operate at up to 446.43MHz. Therefore it can process up to 50 frames of 1080p in a second.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2016.10a
• /
• pp.397-400
• /
• 2016

In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm for computing architecture for high-performance Inter Prediction SAD HEVC encoder. HEVC Motion Estimation (ME) of the Inter Prediction is a process for searching for the currently high prediction block PU and the correlation in the interpolated reference picture in order to remove temporal redundancy. ME algorithm uses full search(FS) or fast search algorithm. Full search technique has the guaranteed optimal results but has many disadvantages which include high calculation and operational time due to the motion prediction with respect to all candidate blocks in a given search area. Therefore, this paper proposes a new algorithm which reduces the computational complexity by reusing the SAD operation in full search to reduce the amount of calculation and computational time of the Inter Prediction. The proposed algorithm is applied to an HEVC standard software HM16.12. There was an improved operational time of 61% compared to the traditional full search algorithm, BDBitrate was decreased by 11.81% and BDPSNR increased by about 0.5%.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.699-712
• /
• 2014

In this paper, we propose a new Adaptive Search Range (ASR) decision algorithm for accelerating GPU-based Integer-pel Motion Estimation (IME) of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). For deciding the ASR, we classify a frame into two models using Motion Vector Differences (MVDs) then adaptively decide the search ranges of each model. In order to apply the proposed algorithm to the GPU-based ME process, starting points of the ME are decided using only temporal Motion Vectors (MVs). The CPU decides the ASR as well as the starting points and transfers them to the GPU. Then, the GPU performs the integer-pel ME. The proposed algorithm reduces the total encoding time by 37.9% with BD-rate increase of 1.1% and yields 951.2 times faster ME against the CPU-based anchor. In addition, the proposed algorithm achieves the time reduction of 57.5% in the ME running time with the negligible coding loss of 0.6%, compared with the simple GPU-based ME without ASR decision.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.10
• /
• pp.1845-1852
• /
• 2008

The key elements of inter prediction are motion estimation(ME) and motion compensation(MC). Motion estimation is to find the optimum motion vectors, not only by using a distance criteria like the SAD, but also by taking into account the resulting number of 비트s in the 비트 stream. Motion compensation is compensate for movement of blocks of current frame. Inter-prediction Encoding is always the main bottleneck in high-quality streaming applications. Therefore, in real-time streaming applications, dedicated hardware for executing Inter-prediction is required. In this paper, we studied a motion estimator(ME) for H.264/AVC. The designed motion estimator is based on 2-D systolic array and it connects processing elements for fast SAD(Sum of Absolute Difference) calculation in parallel. By providing different path for the upper and lower lesion of each reference data and adjusting the input sequence, consecutive calculation for motion estimation is executed without pipeline stall. With data reuse technique, it reduces memory access, and there is no extra delay for finding optimal partitions and motion vectors. The motion estimator supports variable-block size and takes 328 cycles for macro-block calculation. The proposed architecture is local memory-free different from paper [6] using local memory. This motion estimation encoder can be applicable to real-time video processing.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2007.08a
• /
• pp.413-416
• /
• 2007

Motion-estimation/motion-compensation (ME/MC) provides superior motion picture quality but its huge computation load results in high cost. Impulsive driving is a cost-effective solution but it suffers from large flicker and brightness loss. Motion compensated impulsive driving technology has been developed to achieve high motion picture quality in a cost-effective implementation by combining ME/MC and impulsive driving. The key idea is to apply ME/MC or impulsive driving selectively according to the motion vector distribution of the incoming image sequence. In this paper, the description of the algorithm and the experimental results are provided.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
• /
• v.55 no.6
• /
• pp.457-465
• /
• 2018

Since IMO has discussed the effectuation of the EEDI, EEOI and SEEMP, each country, shipping company, shipbuilding company and research institute have been requested to prepare the design, construction and operation of the efficient ship. From the shipbuilding company's point of view, it was necessary to develop a method based on the maneuvering equations of motion in a bid to estimate the EEOI considering the design, model test results and the calculation results of the ship. In this paper, the estimation method of RPM, power and fuel consumption proposed in the previous research was developed to construct a framework that helps in the estimation of the EEOI. It was possible to estimate the EEOI from the estimated ship speed (distance), LNG cargo mass, fuel consumptions and emission factors according to the type of fuel. The rapid increase of the evaluated EEOI was observed when the LNGC with ME-GI engine executing the course changed with a large difference. This prompted the comparison of the type of fuel on the estimated EEOI by considering HFO, LNG fuel and MGO properties.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.1043-1046
• /
• 2008

In this paper, we propose a Motion Estimation (ME) using new blocks based on the Frame Difference (FD) between two adjacent frames for Frame Rate-up Conversion (FRC). The proposed algorithm decides the shape of blocks by the FD. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better performance than conventional methods.