• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.332-337
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• 1996

Purpose : It has been known that the activity of extracellular matrix degradative enzymes such as collagenase correlate well with the metastatic potential of various tumor cells in experimental study. This study was aimed at comparing the activities of type IV collagenase with bone scan findings in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively correlated bone scan findings with the results of immunohistochemical staining for 92kDa, 72kDa type IV collagenase in 28, and 30 patients with metastatic breast cancer, respectively, as well as 23, and 27 patients with primary breast cancer, respectively. The immunohistochemical staining was performed with tissue specimens obtained from primary or metastatic breast tumor lesions. The amounts of the enzyme were graded from 0 to 4 and scored by multiplication with the percentage of tumor cells. The confidence of bone scan interpretation for metastasis was also scored from 1 to 5 with increasing probability. Results : There was a significant difference in enzyme scores between patients with and without metastasis. In patients with primary breast cancer group, the frequency of patients with enzyme score of less than 170 were 96%(26/27) and 100%(26/26) with 92kDa and 72kDa collagenase, respectively. In contrast, in patients with metastatic breast cancer group, the frequency of patients with enzyme score of more than 200 were 93%(28/30) and 87%(26/30) with 92kDa and 72kDa collagenase, respectively. All patients with each enzyme score of less than 170 show no active bony metastasis, however, there were variable bone scan findings in patients with each enzyme score of more than 200. Conclusion : Bone scan is useful to confirm, localize or follow up of bony metastasis in patients with each enzyme scores of more than 200. Acitve metastatic lesions were hardly seen on the bone scintigraphy in patients with collagenase scores of less than 170.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.377-387
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• 2001

In order to elucidate sedimentation processes and depositional environments in transitional area between continental shelf and coastal zone, sedimentologic study has been done with 84 surface sediments sampled in nearshore/offshore off the mid-western coast of the Korean Peninsula for 3 years (1996${\sim}$1999). The surface sediment can be classified into 4 facies (gravelly sand, sand, silty sand and sandy silt). Mean grain size, sorting, skewenss and kurtosis varies -0.39${\sim}7.82{\Phi}$, 0.36${\sim}4.68{\Phi}$, -0.38${\sim}$0.86, -1.56${\sim}$3.43, respectively. The textural parameters show a finer-grained and poorly-sorted trend shoreward, northward and southward from the central part of the study area. The positively-skewed distribution and relationship of each textural parameters indicate a tide-dominated depositional environment. According to C/M diagram, there are 3 different domains (mode A, B, C) of sediment transport mode. The northern part is characterized by bedload transport (mode A) and represents co-influence of wave and tide, whereas domain C in the southern part is controlled by uniform suspension transport (mode C), correlating with sandy-silt area. In the broad middle area, transport processes are complex (the mixture of bedload, graded suspension and uniform suspension; mode B). Hence, the subdivision depositional environments of this study area may be classified by 3 depositional environments dependent on the interplay of sediment supplies from river, relict sediments and hydrologic conditions. In results, the nearshore and offshore areas are thus characterized as a mixing zone between coastal terrigenous sediments and relict sediments in the continental shelf by complex processes (tide, wave and river flow). These sedimentation processes play an important role in producing distinct sedimentologic features in the transitional zone linking coastal and shelfal areas.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-23
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• 2014

Market forecasting aims to estimate the sales volume of a product or service that is sold to consumers for a specific selling period. From the perspective of the enterprise, accurate market forecasting assists in determining the timing of new product introduction, product design, and establishing production plans and marketing strategies that enable a more efficient decision-making process. Moreover, accurate market forecasting enables governments to efficiently establish a national budget organization. This study aims to generate a market growth curve for ICT (information and communication technology) goods using past time series data; categorize products showing similar growth patterns; understand markets in the industry; and forecast the future outlook of such products. This study suggests the useful and meaningful process (or methodology) to identify the market growth pattern with quantitative growth model and data mining algorithm. The study employs the following methodology. At the first stage, past time series data are collected based on the target products or services of categorized industry. The data, such as the volume of sales and domestic consumption for a specific product or service, are collected from the relevant government ministry, the National Statistical Office, and other relevant government organizations. For collected data that may not be analyzed due to the lack of past data and the alteration of code names, data pre-processing work should be performed. At the second stage of this process, an optimal model for market forecasting should be selected. This model can be varied on the basis of the characteristics of each categorized industry. As this study is focused on the ICT industry, which has more frequent new technology appearances resulting in changes of the market structure, Logistic model, Gompertz model, and Bass model are selected. A hybrid model that combines different models can also be considered. The hybrid model considered for use in this study analyzes the size of the market potential through the Logistic and Gompertz models, and then the figures are used for the Bass model. The third stage of this process is to evaluate which model most accurately explains the data. In order to do this, the parameter should be estimated on the basis of the collected past time series data to generate the models' predictive value and calculate the root-mean squared error (RMSE). The model that shows the lowest average RMSE value for every product type is considered as the best model. At the fourth stage of this process, based on the estimated parameter value generated by the best model, a market growth pattern map is constructed with self-organizing map algorithm. A self-organizing map is learning with market pattern parameters for all products or services as input data, and the products or services are organized into an $N{\times}N$ map. The number of clusters increase from 2 to M, depending on the characteristics of the nodes on the map. The clusters are divided into zones, and the clusters with the ability to provide the most meaningful explanation are selected. Based on the final selection of clusters, the boundaries between the nodes are selected and, ultimately, the market growth pattern map is completed. The last step is to determine the final characteristics of the clusters as well as the market growth curve. The average of the market growth pattern parameters in the clusters is taken to be a representative figure. Using this figure, a growth curve is drawn for each cluster, and their characteristics are analyzed. Also, taking into consideration the product types in each cluster, their characteristics can be qualitatively generated. We expect that the process and system that this paper suggests can be used as a tool for forecasting demand in the ICT and other industries.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2018

Red and blue lights are effective wavelengths for photosynthesis in plants. In this study, we determined the effects of various combined ratios of red to blue LEDs on the quality of cherry tomato seedlings prior to transplantation, and their subsequent effects on the yield and quality of tomato fruits after transplanting. Two-week-old cherry tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum cv. 'Cuty') were cultivated under various combined ratios of red (R; peak wavelength 655 nm) to blue (B; 456 nm) LEDs [red:blue = 41:59 (59B), 53:47 (47B), 65:35 (35B), 74:26 (26B), 87:13 (13B), or 100:0 (0B)] and fluorescent lamps and raised for 27 days. The cherry tomato seedlings were subsequently transplanted into a venlo-type greenhouse and cultivated for 75 days. At the seedling stage, the shoot fresh weight of seedlings in all RB combined treatments, except 0B and 59B, was higher than that of the control after 27 days of LED treatment. Shoot dry weight and leaf area also showed trends similar to that of shoot fresh weight. The stem length was significantly higher in 13B, 26B, and 35B treatments compared with the control and other treatments. In particular, the stem length of 26B plants was approximately 3.2 times longer than that of 59B plants. At 37 days after transplanting, the number of nodes was significantly higher in 26B and 47B plants, and the plant height of 26B plants was significantly higher than that of control and 59B plants. Total fruit yield in 26B plants, which was the highest, was approximately 1.6 and 1.8 times higher than that in control and 59B plants, respectively. Thus, the results of this study indicate that various combined ratios of red to blue LEDs directly affected to the growth of cherry tomato seedlings and may also affect parameters of reproductive growth such as fruit yield after transplantation.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.202-206
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• 2016

Oyster mushrooms are widely cultivated and consumed in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan(ASI 2504)' is an ideal cultivar for mushroom farmers due to its dark pileus and thick stipe; however, as it is very sensitive to environmental conditions, an alternative cultivar is required. To develop a new cultivar, parental strains 'Suhan(ASI 2504)' and 'ASI 0665 (Heuktari)' were selected from various collected strains according to morphological characteristics. P. ostreatus 'Soltari' was developed by DiMon crossing between the dikaryotic strain 'Suhan' and the monokaryotic strain derived from 'Heuktari'. Thirty-eight of the 100 crossed strains were selected following analysis of mitochondrial genetic characteristics, and 'Soltari' was ultimately selected by continuous cultivation tests. The mitochondrial DNA profile of 'Soltari' was found to be the same as that of 'Heuktari, and a nuclear DNA profile of 'Soltari' was similar as those of the parental strains, 'Suhan' and 'Heuktari.' 'Soltari' mycelium grows adequately in moderate to high temperatures of $12-20^{\circ}C$, although its optimum temperature was found to be $30^{\circ}C$. Fruiting body production per 1.1-L cultivation bottle was approximately 158.8 g. Its stipe length and thickness were comparable to those of diameter and thickness were somewhat lower (42.72 vs. 51.33 mm and 18.18 vs. 22.46 mm, respectively). 'Soltari' was found to be more resistant to high $CO_2$ atmosphere than 'Suhan', and the color of the pileus of 'Soltari' was dark gray at high temperature. Therefore, it is suggested that this new cultivar 'Soltari' is a good alternative cultivar and will contribute to energy saving in oyster mushroom farms.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.316-326
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• 1999

Purpose: We evaluated the feasibility of extracting pure left ventricular blood pool and myocardial time-activity curves (TACs) and of generating factor images from human dynamic N-13 ammonia PET using factor analysis. The myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimates obtained with factor analysis were compared with those obtained with the user drawn region-of-interest (ROI) method. Materials and Methods: Stress and rest N-13 ammonia cardiac PET imaging was acquired for 23 min in 5 patients with coronary artery disease using GE Advance tomograph. Factor analysis generated physiological TACs and factor images using the normalized TACs from each dixel. Four steps were involved in this algorithm: (a) data preprocessing; (b) principal component analysis; (c) oblique rotation with positivity constraints; (d) factor image computation. Area under curves and MBF estimated using the two compartment N-13 ammonia model were used to validate the accuracy of the factor analysis generated physiological TACs. The MBF estimated by factor analysis was compared to the values estimated by using the ROI method. Results: MBF values obtained by factor analysis were linearly correlated with MBF obtained by the ROI method (slope = 0.84, r = 0.91), Left ventricular blood pool TACs obtained by the two methods agreed well (Area under curve ratio: 1.02 ($0{\sim}1min$), 0.98 ($0{\sim}2min$), 0.86 ($1{\sim}2min$)). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrates that MBF can be measured accurately and noninvasively with dynamic N-13 ammonia PET imaging and factor analysis. This method is simple and accurate, and can measure MBF without blood sampling, ROI definition or spillover correction.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2003

Objective : To determine the clinical and bacteriologic efficacy and safety of Cefdinir in acute pharyngitis and pharyngotonsillitis caused by group A beta hemolytic streptococci in pediatric patients. Methods : Children aged 3 through 12 years who visited the hospitals enrolled in this study with signs and symptoms of pharyngitis or pharyngotonsillitis since May to December 2002, were taken throat culture and given Cefdinir(12 mg/kg/day, in three divided doses) for 7 days. Two hundred thirty five patients were enrolled and 90 patients who showed positive culture results were followed up for the signs and symptoms during the treatment to determine clinical efficacy. Follow-up culture were done at the end of the study and bacteriologic efficacy was determined Results : Ninety out of 235 patients who visited the hospitals with the signs and symptoms of pharyngitis showed positive growth on throat culture. Seventy nine patients were clinically and microbiologically assessable. The bacteriologic eradication rates of S. pyogenes were 100% in all the children treated with Cefdinir. Clinical cure rates were not different between less than 7 days-treated group(75%) and just 7 days-treated group(98.6%)(P=0.077). Two patients reported adverse reaction during Cefdinir treatment. Antimicrobial sensitivity of Cefdinir against S. pyogenes was 100% with range of MIC being less than 0.5 ${\mu}g/mL$. Conclusion : It seems that Cefdinir is one of reliable and well-tolerated drugs for the treatment of group A beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children. It needs to be investigated short term efficacy in terms of improving drug compliance and impact of economic point of view. We can recognized that still high rate of the erythromycin resistant group A streptococci in our community should be monitored every year.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.152-161
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• 2006

Purpose : In Korea, the school urine screening program is a useful tool for screening urine abnormalities. It is particularly useful in early detection of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis(MPGN) I, which frequently progresses to chronic renal failure. In this study, we studied the medical history, laboratory findings, and histologic findings of MPGN to gain helpful information on early detection and treatment. Methods : The subjects were 19 children, who were diagnosed with MPGN from kidney biopsies that were performed in ten nationwide university hospitals because of abnormal urine findings from school urine screening programs conducted from July 1999 to April 2004. We divided the patients into 2 groups, a nephrotic range proteinuria group(n=8) and a non-nephrotic proteinuria group(n=11), and retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, laboratory findings, histologic findings, treatment, and clinical course. Results : The mean age at the first abnormal urinalysis was $10.6{\pm}2.2$ years in the nephrotic proteinuria group and $9.6{\pm}3.2$ years in the non-nephrotic proteinuria group. The mean age at the time of kidney biopsy was $11.3{\pm}2.3$ years in the nephrotic range proteinuria group and $10.4{\pm}3.2$ years in the non-nephrotic proteinuria group respectively. There was no significant difference in the mean age and sex between the two groups. In the nephrotic proteinuria group, 6 children had a low plasma C3 level and in the non-nephrotic proteinuria group, 8 children had a low plasma C3 level, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference in the laboratory test results(including WBC count, RBC count, platelet count and other serologic tests) between the 2 groups except for 24 hour urine protein secretion. There was no difference between the 2 groups with regard to the acute and chronic changes in the glomerulus on light microscopic findings, IgG, IgA, Ig M, C1q, C3, C4, fibrogen deposition on immunofluoroscence findings, and mesangial deposits, subendothelial deposits, and subepithelial deposits on electron microscopic findings. The children were treated with corticosteroids, ACE(angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors, dipyridamole and other immunosuppressive agents. During the course of treatment, there were no children whose clinical condition worsened. Among 19 children, 3 children went into remission(2 in the nephrotic proteinuria group, 1 in the non-nephrotic proteinuria group) and 9 children went into a partial remission(4 in the nephrotic proteinuria group, 5 in the non-nephrotic proteinuria group) on urinalysis. There was no significant difference in the treatment results between the two groups. Conclusion : The 73.7% of children who were incidentally diagnosed with MPGN by the school urine screening program had reduced C3. 42.1% of the children had nephrotic range proteinuria. There were no significant differences in clinical features, laboratory test results, light microscopic, immunofluorescence microscopic, and electron microscopic findings between the nephrotic proteinuria group and the non-nephrotic proteinuria group except for the 24 hour urine protein secretion. Therefore, for early detection of MPGN during the school urine screening program, we strongly recommend a kidney biopsy if children have abnormal urine findings such as persistent proteinuria and persistent hematuria, or if the serum C3 is reduced.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 2011

Purpose: Early diagnosis and treatment of febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is important to prevent kidney damage. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the presence of pyuria, the severity, and underlying genitourinary anomalies in patients with UTI. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 293 patients with febrile UTI who were admitted to Korea University Guro Hospital during the period from June, 2007 until January, 2010. We divided the patients into two groups, one with the finding of pyuria at admission, and the other without, and compared the fever duration, white blood cell counts (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral bloods, hydronephrosis, cortical defects, vesicoureteral reflux and admission period. Results: Among the 293 patients with febrile UTI, 189 patients showed findings of pyuria whereas 104 patients did not. Patients with pyuria showed an increment of WBC ($14,694{\pm}485.2$ vs. $11,374{\pm}451.2/uL$, P <0.05) and CRP ($46.9{\pm}3.9$ vs $17.1{\pm}3.6$ mg/L, P <0.05) in peripheral blood sample. The presence of cortical defects (21.7 Vs 5.8%, P <0.05) and vesicoureteral reflux (15.9 Vs 6.7%, P <0.05) was also increased in patients with pyuria compared to patients without pyuria. There were no specific differences in fever duration, admission period, and hydronephrosis. Within the group with pyuria, CRP in peripheral blood sample increased proportionally with the increment of pyuria (P <0.05). Conclusion: In patients with febrile UTI, the increment of WBC in the urine sample can be a helpful predictor for increased CRP in peripheral blood and acute pyelonephritis.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

Though mulberry fruit is known to a by-product that was produced from mulberry tree after harvesting leaves for silkworm rearing, as a yield and consumption of mulberry fruit was increased, it has been fixing to a new income crop. But, a stable production of mulberry was issued on damage by the weather disaster, so it is requires that agricultural disaster insurance import. So, in this study as a basic research for a importation of agricultural disaster insurance, the cultivation of mulberry for the production of mulberry fruits, the shape of tree, the number of a bearing fruit from each cultivar, the occurrence of mulberry fruit sclerotic disease, and a yield and the market price of mulberry fruits were investigated and that results obtained were as follows; The number of mulberry tree each 10a was abundant in Buan and Jeongeup region that cultivated a suitable cultivar on low cut shape, however, a large cultivated Gochang region was little. The number of a bearing fruit per 1m on the branch was highest in the variety of Cheongilppong at Gochang. Yield of mulberry fruits each 10a was Cheongilppong at Gochang, followed by Iksuppong at Sangju. Average sale price of the mulberry fruits was high in the order of Gwasang No. 2, Suwonppong, Iksuppong, and Cheongilppong.