• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the nutritional composition including proximate, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, and the antioxidant activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) pollen grains collected by Apis mellifera bees, for use as a health food. The crude protein and fat content was estimated at 26.14% and 3.49%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids were identified in green tea pollen, including 8 essential amino acids and 10 non-essential amino acids. The predominant amino acids were glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid accounting for about 33.3% of total free amino acids. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest value of 35.7%, followed by $B_3$ and $B_2$ among the detected vitamins. The predominant minerals were potassium (790.32 mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (707.52 mg/100g) and sulfur (302.67 mg/100g), whereas copper, zinc and sodium were detected as minor elements. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content accounted for 33.8% at $500{\mu}g/mL$ extract and $2.55 {\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2024

The insecticidal efficiency of orange (Citrus sinensis) peel essential oil (OP-EO) is limited because of its low stability under environmental conditions. Nanoemulsion formulations show promise in overcoming this limitation. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate and characterize the OP-EO nanoemulsion form (OP-EON) and investigate its insecticidal properties against two significant storage pests, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797). The OP-EON (4:3:3:90 w/w, EO: Tween 80: Ethanol: water) was successfully created using an ultrasonic homogenizer. The major chemical components of the OP-EO were determined to be D-limonene (87.93%), myrcene (3.62%), and α-pinene (1.34%) through GC-MS analysis. The OP-EON was characterized using TEM (50-100 nm), Zeta sizer (the mean droplet particle size of 58.60 nm, the ζ-potential value of -12.6 mV, and the polydispersity index of 0.486), and FT-IR analysis. After 7 days, exposure to 500 ppm of the OP-EON resulted in 50% and 30% mortality rates in R. dominica and T. castaneum, respectively. Exposure to 1000 ppm of OP-EON resulted in 90% and 55% mortality in R. dominica and T. castaneum, respectively, after 7 days. Overall, these results clearly showed the potential to exceed the limits of the insecticidal activity of the OP-EO with its nanoemulsion form.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 1984

The Populus maximowiczii dominated forest of the Sangcheon ravine, Mt. Seolag, is distributed in the area with the conglemerates substrate, along the ravine stream from 170m to 550m in altitude. Toward the both slopes of the northern and southern peak from the stream side, the zonal distribution of vegetation was recognized; P. maximowiczii forest of Pinus densiflora forest and deciduous broad leaved forest. The pure community of P. maximowiczii with even more 80-98% in relative basal area (aspen basal area/basal area) was found in the ravine area from 360m to 420m in altitude, the optimal ranges in the species and community by two dimensional ordination with thermal and xeric cline axis. The species compete with Pinus densiflora, in the ravine stream side, and with deciduous broad leaved tree species such as Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Prunus sargentii, Lindera obtusiloba, in the mountain slope sides. On the other hand, the ravine vegetation, including the aspen forest, was classified into Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Carpinus laxiflora, Pinus densiflora-Populus maximowiczii, jessoensis, Acer mono-Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Carpinus laxiflora-Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis-Quercus ariena, Quercus ariena, Quercus variabilis-Stephanandra incisa, Picrasma quassioides-Celtis sinensis, Betula davurica-Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Styrax obassia-Lindera obtusiloba association.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.975-988
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether water extracts from Artemisia capillaries (A. capillaries) and Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) could be used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler feed. The experiment 1 was verified their chemical composition, extracts yields, total phenolic compounds concentration, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and chicken splenocytes proliferation through in vitro test. The extract yields of A. capillaries and C. sinensis were 26.5 and 16.8%, respectively. Total phenolic compounds concentrations of them expressed as gallic acid equivalent were 15.28 and 26.74 mg/mL, respectively. Electron donating abilities of them expressed as $SC_{50}$ showing 50% DPPH radical scavenging were 0.30 and 0.06 mg, respectively. Bacterial inhibitory rates of them against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella Typhimurium were ranged from 42.1 to 52.3% and from 21.6 to 33.7%, respectively. And, these extracts increased proliferation of chicken splenocytes. Especially, A. capillaris was more excellent than Echinacea and Concanavalin A known as T-cell stimulator. The experiment 2 was investigated their effects on growth performance, relative organ weight, cecal microflora, blood biochemical parameters, and splenic cytokines mRNA expression in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided in to 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates of 30 birds in each group: NC (control, no antibiotics), PC (avilamycin, 10 ppm; salinomycin, 60 ppm), AC (A. capillaries, 100 ppm), and CS (C. sinensis, 100 ppm); treatments were administered through water supplementation. Final body weight was significantly higher in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). Cecal Salmonella numbers were significantly or somewhat decreased in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). The relative weights and lengths of the small intestine were more significantly decreased in the PC and AC groups than in the other groups. Cecal Salmonella numbers were significantly or somewhat decreased in all treated groups than in the NC group (p<0.05). The contents of total cholesterol, aspatate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase in blood serum were more significantly decreased in all treated groups than in NC (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested the possibility that these extracts could serve as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1986

In order to observe the infestation rate and intensity of C. sinensis in Yeoju Eup, Kyung-gi Do, 9,512 stool specimens were collected from the inhabitants through student's helps. The specimens were examined by cellophane thick smear technique and Stoll's egg dilution technique. The epidemiological status was analysed statistically by the regession equation and catalytic curve with the results obtained from this area. The results are as follows: 1) Collection rate oft he stool samples was 66.5%, 9.512 out of 14,300 inhabintants complied with our survey. 2) The infestation rate of C.sinensis was 5.0%, and for male 7.8%, for female 2.3%. 3) Average E.P.G. by Stoll's egg dilution technique in this area was 1,572, and for male 1,853, for female 676. 4) The degree of the intensity of C. sinensis infection by E.P.G. count was distributed as 65.2% in light infection, 32.0 % in moderate infection, 2.8% in heavy infection and none in very heavy infection. 5) The intensity of endemicity in this area was represented with the regression equation calculated with cumulative percentages of E.P.G. counts. Regression equation was y=3.887+1.695 log x and Cs. $D_{50}$ was 4.54. 6) The two-stage catalytic model was applied and the calculation lead to the equation $y=0.267(e^{-0.004t}-e^{-0.019t})$; a=0.004 < b=0.019. 7) Other helminthic infection rate in this area was 1.4% in A.lumbricoides 2.7% in T. trichiura, 1.6% in M. yokogawai md 0.2% in Taenia sp. respectively.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.225-232
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• 1999

A survey of an endemic locality at Songjung Ri, Ogok Myun, Goksung County, South Cholla Province for the prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus yokogawai was primarily done on 53 residence before medication using formalin-ether concentration method of stool examination. After praziquantel medication of all the clonorchiasis patients, 64 humans consisting 82.1% of total inhibitants and including 84.9% of primarily surveyed residents were secondly surveyed after 2-year post-treatment to evaluate the prevalence and reinfection. The prevalence of clonorchiasis was decreased from 35.8% before medication to 10.9% after medication(P<0.01), indicating this disease was not satisfactorily controlled although the rate was significantly lowered. The prevalence of metagonimiasis was dropped from 17.0% to 6.3% on post-treatment. In clonorchiasis cases, sex ratio showed no difference in both pre- and post-treatment, and mean age was the sixties after medication from the forties and fifties before medication, suggesting more aged people of both sexes were infected with this fluke. The reinfection of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis following 2-year post-treatment was 15.8% and 25.0%, respectively. The proportion of reinfection among the egg positive cases was 50.0% in clonorchiasis and 100% in metagonimiasis. These findings mean that a high fraction of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis was reinfected with these trematodes. In conclusion, to eradicate the C. sinensis and M. yokogawai in an endemic area, it should be preceded to control the reinfection of these parasites.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.263-274
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• 1988

Recent patterns of infection with digenetic larval trematodes in fresh- water and brackish-water ask were studied in three locations of the river Taewha during the period from April to October, 1988, and compared with the data reported previously in the same river, 0(16 species of fish examined, the encysted larvae of Cyathocotyle orientalis were found most frequently from 9 species of fresh.water fish. The metacercariae of Echinochasmus sp. , Metacercaria hasegawai and Metagonimus yokogawai were found from 8 species, those of Clonorchis sinensis from 7 species, and Exorchis oviformis and Metorchis orientalis from 5 species of fish. The infection rates of fish with C. sinensis metacercariae were not lower than those reported in 1980, whereas their intensity of infection was found lowered in 3 species, Ccreobagrus brevicorpus, Gnathopogon atromaculatus, and Funtungia herzi. The infection rates of 3 species of fish with M. yokogawai metacercariae were lower than the results in 1982, while the rate was higher in 2 species, Zacco platypus, and Z. temmincki, and rather stationary in Flecoglossus altivelis. The intensity of infection in several species of fish appeared rather higher than in 1980. The encysted larvae of C. orientalis, Echinochasmus sp., E. oviformis and Metacercaria hasegawai showed variations in infection rates of fish in 1980 and in the present study. It was found that the rate of infection with digenetic larval trematodes in fresh- water fish was still relatively high in the river Taewha, and the metacercarial burden in the fish varied greatly by different fish in 1980 and in the present study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.271-279
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• 1996

This study was conducted to find out the appropriate rates of mixed-seeding of native woody and herb species. It was carried out in greenhouse from 1994 to 1995. The early days germination individuals were $60no./m^2$ in case of woody species for mixed seeding treatment and the treatments were fertilization, soil surface treatment, seeding amount. The investigation factors are the number of individuals of woody and herb species, biomass, height, number of tillers, etc. The mean individuals of Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha frutzcosa were investigated $1.14no./m^2$, $0.496no./m^2$ in 1995, and Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora and Alnus hirsuta were withering to death. In 1995, the Individuals of Oenothera odorata, Themeda triandra var. japonica, Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii, Miscanthus sinensis, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Lespedeza cuneata, and Arundinella hirta were investigated $5.06no./m^2$, $1,072no./m^2$, $0no./m^2$, $412.53no./m^2$, $88.6no./m^2$, $8.9no./m^2$, $57.46no./m^2$, respectively, in case of herb species. The height and biomass of Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosa showed very fast growth, and those of Themeda triandra var. japonica, Miscanthus sinensis had a similar tendency. For the changes in woody species, according to the seeding amount, there was no significant relationship between species, but It was highly significant in 1995. In case of the herb species, the relationship between the number of individuals and seeding amount was significant for both 1994 and 1995. The most number of tiller was Miscanthus sinensis(21), and showed Themeda triandra var. japonica, Arundinella hirta in descending order. For the mixed seeding of wood and herb species, the number of individuals, height, biomass, tiller of herb species diminished as the seeding amount of herb species increased. It can be concluded that using Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosa for woody species and like Arundinella hirta in herb species will be efficient for revegetation measures. It seems, therefore, that the plants of revegetation methods will be used to Lespedeza bicolor, Amorpha fruticosa and Arundinella hirta, and further study is needed on the seeding amount.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2004

Teliospores of two species of Gymnosporangium asiaticum and G.yamadae collected and identified from Juniperus chinensis, J.chinensis L.var.kaizuka. G.asiaticum was identified as the thick membraned (cell-walled) teliospores (avr 2.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and thin membraned teliospores (avr 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), and the telia of G.asiaticum was bluntly conical shaped and occured on the leaves and branches of Chinese junipers. G.yamadae was identified as the thick membraned (cell-walled) teliospores (avr 2.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and thin membraned teliospores (avr 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$), and the telia of G. yamadae was gall or floral shaped and occured on the leaves and branches of Chinese junipers. Both of the telia of the two species of Gymnosporangium were occurred in a same tree of Juniperus chinensis L. var. kaizuka at the same time. But the dominant species is G. asiaticum. The more rainfall in the late of April (the season of forming basidiospore), the more rust diseases in Chaenomeles sinensis. C. sinensis, and Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta were infected by G. asiaticum (basidiospores) but Malus siebodii was not infected by G.asiaticum.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.297-303
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• 2006

Cuticular waxes on tea (Camellia sinensis L.) loaves consisted mainly of alkanes, fatty acids, primary alcohols, triterpenes, and a group of unknown compounds, dominated by primary alcohols and triterpenes. Tea tree accessions used in this study were M-1, M-2, Sakimidori, and Yabukita. For all accessions, the alkane, fatty acid, and primary alcohol constituents consisted of a homologues series, and the major constituents of primary alcohol class were the C28 and C30 homologues. Triterpenes consisted of friedelin, $\beta-amyrin$, and three unidentified ones and friedelin was the most abundant. Leaf area and the total amounts of cuticular waxes per leaf increased with lower leaf position from the apical bud in Yabukita variety. With different leaf position, total wax amount per unit leaf area on the youngest leaves of P1 (the uppermost leaf position) showed the largest amount $(12.80{\mu}g/cm^2)$, and on mature loaves of P2 to P6 ranged from 7.08 to $7.77{\mu}g/cm^2$, and then on the oldest loaves of P7 (the lowest leaf position) remained at an increased level $(17.53{\mu}g/cm^2)$. During leaf development (lower leaf position), the amount of primary alcohols decreased from P1 to P6 and increased at P7, whereas that of triterpenes increased from P1 to P7. The percentage of each wax class in the total wax amount occurred a decrease in primary alcohol and an increase in triterpene, with leaf age.