• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.377-389
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• 2011

The object of this study was to analyze the meaning of luxurious consumption, the subjects and the objects of luxurious consumption, the desires that propel luxurious consumption, and the luxurious consumption patterns of the past and the present. The materials and information used for this research were acquired by reviewing literatures from a library. The time frame used to separate the past and the present was the Second World War. The analyzed materials and contents for the research were the subjects and the objects of luxurious consumption, the desires that propel luxurious consumption, and the patterns of luxurious consumption. Comparing the trends of luxurious consumption of the past and present historically, the biggest differentiation between the past and present was the spread of subjects and objects of luxurious consumption. In the past, luxury consumption belonged to the wealthy only, but the accessibility of luxury consumption has increased to the point where anybody can buy what they want at will. Another difference was found in the desires that prompt luxury consumption and the consumption patterns of the past and present. Based on these results, several suggestions about luxury consumption were presented in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.93-106
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• 2016

The aims of this study are to elucidate the relationship between the luxurious trends of costumes and the importation of Ming's patterned textiles in the $17^{th}$ century, and to analyze the similarity between certain Joseon and Ming fabric patterns. After Imjinwaeran[임진왜란] and Byungjahoran[병자호란], more diverse Joseon textile patterns appeared. Generally, wars lead to a shortage of luxury goods and basic commodities. However, $17^{th}$ century Joseon had an abundance of luxury goods, which allowed even some commoners to have clothing made of Chinese silk. That was the result of free trade between the Koreans and the Chinese merchants in Joseon. Ming's merchants followed the Ming's troops into the Korean Peninsula and targeted Koreans to sell their goods, such as fur coats and fur hats. Free trade between Ming and Joseon took place at Junggang [중강] and Donggangjin [동강진]. Joseon imported Chinese textiles there and resold them to Japanese merchants. Some of the Changgi Chung's excavated fabrics might be an evidence of the import from the Ming. These fabrics had the inscription and were similar to Ming fabrics. It can be assumed that trade occurred between Joseon, China, and Japan, as fabrics found in the countries had similar patterns such as flower, bee, and four seasons, which represented longevity. Furthermore, Chinese fabrics might have triggered Joseon's weaving skills to develop, which led to the ability to weave refined and beautiful brocade satin at Sangbang [상방]. According to Uigwe[의궤], Sangbang could weave silk fabrics in the 1620s and 1630s. The improvement of weaving techniques might make it possible to weave some popular patterns at Sangbang.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.13-36
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to understand how the employee satisfaction effect to their turnover trends through the survey on the employee satisfaction and the turnover trend in the pastry and bakery department on the objection of the employee of the bakers of the luxurious hotels in Seoul area. The study was selected to study the luxurious hotels located in Seoul area and make the objection of the employee in the pastry and bakery kitchen. As the contents of the assumption of the study, the independent variable was ' the pastry and bakery employee's organizational factor ', and the dependant variables were ' job satisfaction of the pastry and bakery employee ', ' turnover trends of the pastry and bakery employee ' and implicates the comparison and the mutual relationship between variables to shows the confirmation of them. As the measurement tools, it adopted the reliability analysis, the technical statistics analysis, the frequency analysis, cross-section analysis and on the verification of the assumption, it was used linear regression analysis. The result of the study showed that the satisfaction degree toward the work schedule showed to be as the personal elements while the systematic organizational establishment and the management policy, the work capacity and the job placement, the cooperation with other parts and the operation of the work time showed to be as the organizational elements. The job satisfaction elements showed as the satisfaction on the system and the rule of the job, the satisfaction on the right and belonging, the satisfaction on the achievement and the communication. As regarded to the job turnover, the turnover intention concerned the opportunity, disappointment of assignment, general complaint, and work condition. Those were shown to be elements of the job satisfaction and the turnover of the employee. And also, that were necessary to manage the job satisfaction and the turnover of the employee concerning these factors.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

This study analyzes consumers' preference trend, positive and negative factors in regards to luxury brands by researching changes in the consumer awareness of luxury brands, preference trends and psychological awareness based on big data to suggest a creative business strategy for corporations that can help Korean brands enter global luxury brand markets. The study results are as follows. Preferred items (consumer) psychology, positive awareness and negative awareness were derived based on the last five years of social big data on Korean consumers' preferred brands. First, the Korean consumers' preferred brands for the recent five years indicated that Dolce & Gabbana (2013), ESCADA (2012), Gucci (2011, 2009) and Chanel (2010) were most preferred and Prada, Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Burberry, Fendi, Givenchy and Dior were also shown to be preferred brands. Second, bags (such as shoulder bags) were shown to be the most preferred items for luxury brand items that consumers wished to own. Third, it was analyzed that keywords for consumer psychology in regards to luxury brands included: diverse, new, outstanding, overwhelming, luxurious, glamorous, worldwide, famous, success and good. Fourth, consumers' positive awareness regarding luxury brands included: diverse, luxury, famous, outstanding, perfect, bright and luxurious. Fifth, negative awareness included: price factors of expensive, high price and excessive as well as factors to be improved upon such as old, bland, flashy, crude, unfriendly and fake.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.406-421
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• 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the obligatory wearing of masks has led to increased consumer demand and the diversification of mask design. Accordingly, it is necessary to understand the inner meaning and characteristics of masks in the pandemic situation. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of fashionable masks and their new cultural meaning under the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is based on literature review and empirical research. Drawing on an investigation of the historical evolution of masks and their transition under the pandemic (exhibiting differences in mask culture among countries and regions), this study analyzed 54 distinctive fashion masks designed by fashion brands and influencers that appeared from January 2020 to January 2021. The characteristics of fashion masks identified under the influence of the pandemic are as follows: Message delivery on political issues and human rights; psychological defense and expression of individuality; and conspicuous display via luxurious materials and luxury brand logos; moreover, the design of the mask uses the same material, color, pattern, decoration, and other methods as clothing to achieve the overall style. Over the course of the pandemic (and even in post-pandemic lifestyle), fashion masks are becoming more diversified conveying new social and cultural meanings.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to suggest the most appropriate design concepts for sportive fashion product based on the analysis of consumers' acceptance of the recent sportive fashion trends according to their lifestyle. The subjects consisted of 295 males and females, between 17 and 35 year-old. A self-report questionnaire with 4 stimuli was employed for data gathering, and the data were analyzed by the methods of frequency, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were summarized as follows: For the First, the recent sportive fashion trends were categorized into four groups; 'street- sportive' trend, 'futuristic-sportive' trend, 'ethnic-sportive' trend and 'urban-utility sportive' trend. Secondly, based on the result of cluster analysis on consumers' lifestyle, total four consumer groups were identified; 'pursuing sense' group, 'pursuing culture' group, 'pursuing utility' group, and 'indifference' group. Thirdly, the consumers relatively preferred two sportive styles among the four groups, typically representing 'urban-utility' trend and 'street' trend. The typical 'urban-utility' style was particularly preferred by the consumers who desired to express themselves as urban, modern, and luxurious. The typical 'street' style was preferred by the consumers who tried to express themselves as active and fashionable. Finally, preferences of the sportive trends according to consumers' lifestyle were interpreted as follows: the 'pursuing sense' group relatively preferred 'urbanutility' style and 'street' style, the 'pursuing culture' group preferred 'street' style and the 'pursuing utility' group preferred 'urban-utility' style, meaningwhile the 'indifference' group preferred 'street' style and 'urban- utility' style.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.103-126
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• 2009

This study aims to discover historical trends and change of form of all stupas in India with observation of field study that is as direct as possible, by classifying, analyzing, and synthesizing the stupas. Study of Indian stupa in Korea has a number of shortcomings since only introductory partial approach has been made in order to seek the origin of Korean pagoda. This study also aims to correct errors of stupa terminology in Chinese character committed by misinterpretation of Hindi language which was established by precedent Japanese scholars several decades ago. Piled-up stupas were totally destroyed by pagans, therefore their remains tell us only of structure, material, sizeand disposition. However remains of carved stone at torana and drum give us clues as to the original form of stupa and worshipping activity, as well as change to a more luxurious form. Many rock cave stupas of India show us both simple forms matching the ascetic age of early Buddhism and luxurious changes in Mahayanan era introducing us to statues of Buddha. Indians recovered the spheric form of 'anda,' a Hindi term meaning cosmic egg, from the hemispheric form of the piled-up stupa. Therefore we might discard the erratic term of 'bokbal', which means an upset vessel. Railings and parasols became main factors of stupa design. Carved railings around stupa became a sign of divinity. Serious worshipping activity made drums long or high and created multi-embossed stripes. Bases of circular drums of some cave stupas changed their shapes to rectangular or octagonal. Single parasols became multiparasols of affluent flowerlike curved stems on carved stupa. Multistoried, elongated and high parasols of Gandhara stupas are closely related to such factors as diverse changes of form in Indian subcontinent. Four-sided torana gate and ayaka column of the circular form of original stupas suggest the rectangular form of subsequent East Asian pagoda, and higher and wider base of Indian stupas became the origin of East Asian rectangular pagoda.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.128-138
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics and recent trends of Korean herbal medicine cosmetics brand logos and to shed light on the identities of herbal medicine cosmetics in Korea. Ultimately this study aims to seek ways to develop strategic global brands distinguished from other brands, and providing the basic data for such development. In order to investigate the characteristics of brand logos, the researcher of this study chose 11 Korean Herbal Medicine Cosmetics Brands marketed today and collected information related to the brands from their websites. The visual characteristics of the logos currently used by Korean herbal medicine cosmetics can be summarized as follows. Most brand logos include marks consisting of Chinese letters written in calligraphy styles to represent the brand information of'Korean herbal medicine.' As for colors, most brands use mostly black and gold to present luxurious images, or convey strong impressions through stark contrast between black, red and white, hoping to distinguish themselves from other cosmetic products. An analysis of the linguistic characteristics of herbal medicine cosmetics in South Korea revealed that most brands use associative and freestanding brand names which suggest that the user's appearance will improve by using the products they represent. Using such names that convey oriental purity and mysterious meanings, trying to capture the deepest beauty with the best quality, the brands construct brand images that are luxurious and high-class. Most of the brands currently used by Korean herbal medicine cosmetics employ components that emphasize the functional aspect of Korean herbal medicine cosmetics. To secure the status of world-class brands, however, it is imperative to conduct research on brand logos capable of establishing identities distinguished from others.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.101-118
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• 2002

This study examined the levels and trends in the household expenditure in both public and private education. Between 1982 and 2000, the level of the total educational expenditure increased by 5% in each year on average, increased by 2.2% for public education, and by 11.4% for private education. On the public educational expenditure, the consumption expenditure elasticity was 0.2 and the price elasticity was 1.49. On the private educational expenditure, the consumption expenditure elasticity was 1.5 and became below 1 after 1998, and the price elasticity was 2.63. The results indicated that the educational expenditure was necessary rather than luxurious and there was excess demand for private education. The level of the educational expenditure would continue to increase without reforms both in the supply and demand sides.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.285-294
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• 2002

According to the dramatical changes from individual trip to the family and couple trip in 1990 caused by both economic growth, rising the level of people's income, and change of social structure such as the increasing time due to the fact of automatic system, and social trends to use this time for their leisure time, this trend influences on the cruise. recently, required for accommodating room to family, the cruise decorated with luxurious things becomes the center of public attention. This study should be a foundation works for developing domestic cruise in near future through surveying a floor plan (plan of room and deck), picture of room, characteristic of space, finish material and interior spatial organization factor & characteristic and analyzing them.