• 대한화학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.514-519
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• 1976

무당개구리의 복피 색소로부터 주 색소의 일부인 lutein과 3,3'-dihydroxy-3,4,3',4'-bis-dehydro-${\beta}$-carotene을 분리하여 물리 화학적 성질, 가시광선 및 적외선 스펙트럼 특성, 그리고 크로마토그래피적 성질을 이용하여 그들의 구조를 확인하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.276-279
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• 1999

한국 특산어인 각시붕어 (Rhodeus uyekii)를 이용하여 혼인색과 채색의 인위적인 발현을 통해 관상어로서의 가능성을 조사하였다. 사료 내에 astaxanthin, lutein 및 $\beta$-carotene을 첨가하여 체색 개선효과를 알아본 결과, 각 실험구의 총 carotenoids 함량은 무첨가구인 대조구에 비해 carotenoids를 첨가한 모든 실험구에서 높게 나타났으며, 특히 lutein을 첨가한 실험구에서 높게 나타나 체색선명화 효과가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 성장률은 astaxanthin을 첨가한 실험구에서 가장 높았으며, lutein과 $\beta$-carotene을 첨가한 실험구에서는 대조구와 유의적인 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 본 실험의 결과 carotenoids를 함유하고 있는 사료와 적절한 사육 조건을 갖춘다면, 우리에게 친근한 여러 종류의 어류를 새로운 관상어로 개발 할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the dietary effect of chlorella vulgaris on egg production and lutein incorporation into chicken eggs. In Exp. 1, a total of three hundred, 70 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were divided into six groups with five replicates and fed each experimental diet (corn-SBM based control diet and diets with 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5% chlorella powder and with 0.8 or 2.4% chlorella cultured media) for 6 wk, respectively. The egg production in the groups fed diets containing the chlorella powder and chlorella cultured media were higher than that of the control group (p<0.001). As dietary chlorella levels increased, the yolk color linearly increased. However, there were no significant differences in egg-shell qualities. The layers fed diet with 2.4% chlorella cultured media showed the highest Haugh unit value. In Exp. 2, a total of one hundred-eight 80 wk-old Hy-Line brown layers were assigned into four groups with three replicates per group (9 birds per replicate). The birds were fed one of four experimental diets (0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% chlorella powder) for 4 wk, followed by a 14 d feeding of a withdrawal diet devoid of chlorella powder. At 2 wk, the lutein greatly increased with increasing levels of chlorella powder in birds fed diets containing more than 1%. The maximum incorporation of lutein into eggs was reached after 2 or 3 wk of feeding diets with chlorella powder. After a 7 d withdrawal, the lutein contents of egg yolks in the groups fed diets with more than 1% chlorella powder were still higher than that of control group (p<0.05). No significant differences in the lutein levels were found among groups after a 14 d withdrawal period. These results indicated that the use of chlorella in layer diets was effective in improving egg production and egg quality and for the production of lutein fortified eggs.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.1343-1349
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• 2017

본 연구는 고구마 잎에 함유된 carotenoids류인 lutein, ${\beta}$-carotene과 항산화 성분을 효과적으로 동시에 추출할 수 있는 방법을 연구하고 각 추출물에 대한 항산화 효과를 평가하였다. 1차 추출은 99.9% 에탄올을 사용하였고 2차 추출은 에탄올 농도를 50~90%로 증가시키며 추출하였다. Lutein과 ${\beta}$-carotene은 2차 추출 에탄올 농도 90%에서 각각 77.9% 및 68.5%로 가장 높은 추출률을 나타내었고 추출시간이 길어짐에 따라 감소하였다. Polyphenol, flavonoid 및 DPPH, ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 2차 추출 에탄올 농도 60%에서 각각 32.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 17.0 mg catechin equivalent/g 및 1.94 mg/mL(EDA, $IC_{50}$), 17.0 mg AA eq/g(AEAC)으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 추출시간이 길어짐에 따라 감소하였다. 또한, 총 페놀산 함량은 2차 추출을 에탄올 60~70%에서 추출 시 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 지용성 물질인 carotenoids뿐만 아니라 대량으로 존재하는 수용성 물질인 페놀류를 동시에 추출하기 위해서는 99.9%의 에탄올을 사용하여 1차 추출을 하고, 60% 정도의 에탄올로 2차 추출을 30분 동안 추출 시 높은 추출률을 나타내어 루테인, 베타카로틴 및 폴리페놀 동시 추출법으로 가장 적합할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1853-1859
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• 2023

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of different types of xanthophyll extracted from marigold on the growth performance, skin color, and carcass pigmentation. Methods: A total of 192 healthy 60-day-old yellow-feathered broilers weighing an average of 1,279±81 g were randomly allocated to 4 groups, each with 6 replicates and 8 broilers. The 4 treatments were as follows: i) CON group, fed with basal diet; ii) LTN group, supplemented with lutein; iii) MDP group, supplemented with monohydroxyl pigment including dehydrated lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and α-cryptoxanthin; iv) LTN+MDP group, supplemented with lutein and monohydroxyl pigment in proportion to 1:1. The supplementary content of LTN, MDP, and LTN+MDP was 2 g/kg. Skin color was measured after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of feeding the dietary treatments. The breast, thigh, and abdominal fat of slaughtered chickens were stored in cold storage at 4℃ for 24 hours and then the meat color of lightness (L^*), redness (a^*), and yellowness (b^*) values was determined. Results: The results showed that all treatments enhanced the yellow scores of subwing skin on day 14, 21, and 28 (p<0.05), and the mixture of lutein and monohydroxyl pigment promoted the yellow scores of shanks on day 14, 21, and 28 (p<0.05). The mixture of lutein and monohydroxyl pigment increased the yellow scores of beaks and all treatments enhanced the yellow of shanks on day 28 (p<0.05). In addition, all treatments improved the yellow (b^*) values of breast and thigh muscle, moreover, the monohydroxyl pigment and the mixture of lutein and monohydroxyl pigment enhanced the values of redness (a^*) and yellow (b^*) of abdominal fat (p<0.05). Conclusion: In summary, different types of xanthophyll extracted from marigold significantly increased the yellow scores of skin color and the yellow (b^*) values of carcass pigmentation. Especially, the mixture of lutein and monohydroxyl pigment was more efficient on skin color.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.256-261
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• 1996

Carotenoids are abundant int he Korean food supply. The intake of foods rich in carotenoids appears to be associated with optimal health, and a reduction in the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration and cataract formation. Specific dietary carotenoids may be responsible for these specific protective effects. Hydrocarbon carotenoids such as $\alpha$-,$\beta$-carotenes and lycopene may reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease, whereas oxygenated carotenoids, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, may be important in protection of the eye. Dietary carotenoids, such as lutein, cryptoxanthin, $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene and lycopene can be readily obtained from the diet, Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and broccoli, contain both oxygenated and hydrocarbon carotenoids ; yellow or orange vegetables, such as carrots, have high levels of $\alpha$-carotene and $\beta$-carotene ; and tomatoes contain high amounts of lycopene. Besides being important vitamin A sources, provitamin A carotenoids such as $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene and cryptoxanthin, participate in the cell defense systems that are associated with radical quenching. Non-provitamin A carotenoids, such as lutein and lycopene, major carotenoids in human plasma, have also been reported to possess strong antioxidant capability. The alteration of dietary sources of carotenoids can modify their levels in the circulation and target tissues, and thus prevent or delay the onset of these chronic diseases.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.713-721
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• 2011

Korean cabbage (Brassica campestris L.ssp.pekinensis) is one of the major cruciferous vegetables. Cruciferous vegetables contain a rare series of secondary metabolites of amino acids called glucosinolates, as well as carotenoids, tocopherol, vitamin C and fibers. This study evaluated the effect of common cooking methods (boiling, microwaving, steaming and frying) on the phytochemical content (lutein, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol), and total antioxidant capacity of Korean cabbages, determined by DPPH assay and ABTS assay. Boiling caused a decrease in carotenoids, lutein and tocopherols. Microwaving and steaming were relatively good cooking methods for maintaining lutein, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. The overall results of this study demonstrate that some domestic cooking procedures, specifically microwave and steaming, increased the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and tocopherol, highlighting the positive role of the nutritional properties of Korean cabbage.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.950-957
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• 1995

총 carotenoid 함량을 ${\beta}-carotene$ 상당의 mg%로 산출하였을 때 감귤 14종의 과육과 과피의 함량은 각각 $0.23{\sim}3.38\;mg%$, $0.82{\sim}10.64\;mg%$이었고 평균치는 과육과 과피에서 각각 1.5 mg%, 7 mg%이었다. HPLC에서 14종의 peak를 분리하였으며 이들 peak중 lutein, lycopene, ${\alpha}-carotene$, ${\beta}-carotene$은 표준품과 직접 비교 확인하였고, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein-5,6-epoxide, isolutein, cryptox-diepoxide, cryptox-5,6-epoxide and ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ 등은 다른 문헌상의 $t_R$과 비교 추정하였다. 개별 carotenoid 함량비를 HPLC chromatogram의 peak 면적%로 비교하였던 바, 품종간의 차이는 뚜렷하지 않았다.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2018

Chlorella are source of valuable compounds as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, bioactive compounds. To continuous obtain the high-value materials of Chlorella protothecoides, we performed continuous cultivation after applying milking techniques to C. protothecoides grown with culture for 7 days in optical panel bioreactor (OPBR) system. Fatty acid and lutein in extracts from pre- and post-milking of C. protothecoides were analyzed using gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. C. protothecoides were rich in unsaturated fatty acids with a high content of oleic acid(C18:1), which is suitable as a biofuel feedstock. The fatty acid content in pre- and post-milking of C. protothecoides was decreased from 126.424mg/g d.w. to 119.341mg/g d.w, and the lutein content decreased from 0.258mg/g d.w. to 0.178mg/g d.w. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of milking C. protothecoides for production of lipids for biofuels production. It was confirmed that microalgae can continuously obtain lutein present in a trace amount through a continuous culture from milking.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1220-1225
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• 1999

Differences in carotenoid composition in the integument of Korean bittering, Cheilognathus signifer and bride bittering, Rhodeus ukekii which are Korean native fresh water fish were compared. Total ca rotenoid contents in the integument of wild Korean bittering was 2.11mg% and composed of 42.6% zeaxanthin, 12.1% diatoxanthin and 12.1% lutein epoxide which are predominant carotenoids and 10.3% cynthiaxanthin, 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide, 6.4% lutein and 1.5% cryptoxanthin which are minor carotenoids. Total ca rotenoid contents in the integument of wild bride bittering was 4.99mg% during a spawning period but after the spawning period it was decreased to 4.17mg% and carotenoid composition of bride bittering during the spawning period was 46.7% zeaxanthin, 26.5% diatoxanthin and 12.3% lutein which are predominant carotenoids, and 6.2% zeaxanthin epoxide, 3.1% cynthiaxanthin, 2.9% cryptoxanthin and 0.7% canthax anthin which are minor carotenoids. These results indicated that the carotenoid composition of bride bittering during spawning period was very similar to that of Korean bittering and carotenoid composition of bride bittering after the spawning period was 30.5% diatoxanthin, 21.5% cynthiaxanthin and 16.8% zeaxanthin which are predominant carotenoids and 14.0% cryptoxanthin, 11.3% lutein and 3.4% can thaxanthin which are minor carotenoids, indicating that after the spawning period, the content of zeaxanthin was decreased while that of cryptoxanthin and cynthiaxanthin was increased as compared to that of the spawning period. Total carotenoid contents in Korean bittering and bride bittering was relatively higher than that in other species of cyprinidae whereas composition of the carotenoid was similar.