• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.664-677
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of educational material in Korean for patient3 being discharge after open heart surgery. The subjects were 45 adult patients who were seen in the out -patient department of the thoracic surgery unit of P University hospital between February 1993 and May 1993. The data were collected through a chart review and interview. Nursing needs, and the patients status related to diet, activity, medication, physical and psychoemotional limitations were analyzed. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. Mitral valve replacement was the most frequent type of surgery(91.2%). In most cases, a mechanical valve was used (91.0%) . The duration of admission after the operation was two to four weeks for most of the patients(48.9%). The follow-up period was between one and two years for 28.9% of the patients and below 6 years for all of the patients. 2. Many Patients didn’t know the importance of a low salt diet(57.8%), and did not get any education on low salt diet (66.7%). Gimchi was included as one of the most commonly ingested foods (77.8%). All of the patients indicated nursing needs related to education about low salt diets and further they indicated a major interest in foods that are harmful (57.7%) or foods that are safe(51.1% ). 3. Most patients did not recognize the need for limitations on physical activity(84.4%). Further, 31.1％ of them could not return to work at the time of the study. All patients had nursing needs related to physical activity, with the most frequent questions being about the permissble degree of activity and special cautions dictated by their illness (60.0%). 4. Many patients were ignorant of the necessity of medication(55.6%) . Forty percent of the patients were taking additional drugs, usually herb drugs. The time and duration of medication and the side effects of drugs were common concerns (57.7%) related to nursing. needs about medication and were mentioned by all of the patients. 5. All of the patients complained of physical discomfort including the following : memory disturbance(62.2%), weight gain(60.0%), chest tightness (55.6%), hair loss(51.1%), sleep disturbance(46.7%) and other symptoms in that order of frequency. Nursing needs related to physical condition were a concern for all of them. The viability and function of the replaced valve(53.3%) and weight gain(60.0%) were mal or concerns. 6. Looking at their psychoemotional condition it was found that 36 patients(80.0%) were emotionally unstable. The causes were physical discomfort(17 patients), insufficient knowlege of open heart surgery(6 patients), fear of death(6 patients), familial over protection(2 patients ) and lack of support (5 patients).

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.342-360
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to develop nutrition education program for consumers to reduce sodium intake based on social cognitive theory (SCT). Methods: The main factors of SCT related to low sodium diet were investigated by using focus group interview (FGI) with 30 women who participated in consumer organizations. Results: The main target groups for the education program were housewives (H), parents (P), and the office workers (OW), for which we considered their influences on other people and the surroundings. According to the results of FGI, in carrying out low sodium diet, 'positive outcome expectation' were prevention of chronic disease and healthy dietary habit, and 'negative outcome expectation' were low palatability of foods, difficulty in cooking meals, and limited choice of foods. The contents of the program and education materials were individualized by each group to raise self-efficacy and behavioral capability, which reflected the results of the FGI. The program included 'salt intake and health' to raise positive outcome expectation. For improving the ability to practice low-sodium diet, the program contained the contents that focused on 'cooking' and 'food purchasing' for H, on 'purchasing and selection of low-sodium food with the children' for P, and on 'way of selecting restaurant menu' for OW. Also the program included 'way of choosing the low-sodium foods when eating out' with suggestions on sodium content of the dishes and snacks. Further, 'dietary guidelines to reduce sodium intake' was also suggested to help self-regulation. Conclusions: This nutrition education program and education materials could be utilized for the community education and provide the basis for further consumer targeted education program for reducing sodium intake.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.578-588
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• 2008

본 연구는 경기지역 대학생 218명(남 95명; 여 123명)을 대상으로 DFQ를 이용하여 나트륨 섭취량을 조사하고 관련된 식행동을 비교, 평가하였다. 수축기와 이완기혈압, DFQ-15 점수와 DFQ-125에 의한 나트륨 섭취량(남 6094.2 mg; 여자 4760.7 mg)은 모두 남자에서 더 높았다(p<0.01). 전체대상자를 DFQ-15에 의해 고염과 저염 섭취군으로 분류한 결과, 두 집단의 혈압에는 차이가 없었으나 여자에서는 저염군의 수축기와 이완기혈압이 높았는데(p<0.05), 이는 여자 저염군에서 유의하게 높은 BMI 때문으로 생각된다. 고염 식태도 점수와 나트륨 섭취량은 고염군에서 매우 높았다(p<0.001). 식습관 비교 결과, 매일 단백질 음식을 먹거나 골고루 먹는 식습관 빈도는 저염군에서 높았으며(p<0.05), 튀김, 볶음요리 및 지방이 많은 육류를 자주 먹거나 식사시 소금과 간장을 더 넣는 부정적 식습관 빈도는 고염군에서 더 높았다(p<0.05). 고염군은 조린 음식 및 중식, 일식을 좋아하고 된장국을 자주 먹으며 튀김, 생선회는 간장에 듬뿍 적셔 먹는 고염 식태도 빈도가 높았으며, 식탁에서 소금을 잘 넣지 않는 저염 식행동 빈도는 낮았다(p<0.05). 나트륨 섭취량을 기준으로 분류한 고염군은 볶음밥 등 별미밥과 조린 음식을 좋아하고 식사 전 습관적으로 소금을 더 넣는 고염 식태도 문항 점수가 높았고, 라면 국물을 남기거나 식탁에서 소금을 추가로 잘 넣지 않는 저염 식행동 문항 점수는 낮았다(p<0.05). 한편, 전체대상자에서 식품구매 시 영양표시를 확인하는 군의 고염 식태도 점수, DFQ-15 점수, 나트륨 섭취량은 비확인군에 비하여 모두 유의하게 낮았으며 저염 식행동 점수는 높았다(p<0.01). 특히, 영양표시 비확인군의 나트륨 섭취량(5669.1 mg)은 확인군(4241.9 mg)의 133.6%에 달해 영양표시 확인여부가 고염섭취의 위험요인인 것으로 생각된다. 남, 여 각 집단과 전체대상자에서 자신이 짜게 먹는 것을 선호한다고 스스로 평가한 군이 그렇지않다고 한 군에 비하여 고염 식태도 점수는 높고 저염 식행동 점수는 낮았다(p<0.001). 하지만 여학생에서는 짜게 먹는 것을 선호한다고 답한 군의 나트륨 섭취가 매우 높은 반면, 남학생에서는 싱겁게 먹는 것을 선호한다고 답한 군의 나트륨 섭취가 매우 높아(p<0.05), 주관적으로 판단한 음식 간의 선호도가 실제 나트륨 섭취 수준을 잘 반영하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 남학생은 나트륨 섭취량이 여학생보다 높고 충분섭취량의 406.3%에 달해 고염 섭취의 위험군이라 할 수 있었다. 고염군의 식행동 특성에는 지방 함량이 높고 조린 음식을 좋아하고 식탁에서 소금 간을 자주하는 반면, 균형식을 실천하는 비율은 낮았다. 따라서 대학생 특히, 남학생을 위한 고혈압 영양교육에는 소금 감량에 관한 내용 외에도 기본적인 식품영양 지식과 올바른 식습관의 중요성 등에 관한 내용이 포함되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2000

목 적 : Cyclosporine(CsA)는 면역 억제제로서 중요한 역할을 하고 있지만 가장 중요한 부작용인 신독성 때문에 사용에 제한이 있다. 이에 저염식이를 한 쥐에서 유발되는 만성 CsA 신증에서 angiotensin converting enzyme 억제제(ACEI)가 미치는 영향을 검색하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 흰 쥐를 대상으로 하여 표준식이(NSD), 저염식이(LSD), NSD+CsA. LSD+CsA, NSD+CsA+ACEI, LSD+CsA+ACEI를 1-6군으로 분류하여 공급하였다. 6주 후 혈중 CsA농도, 혈청 sodium, potassium, GFR을 측정하였고, 신장의 조직검사를 시행하였다. 성 적 : 혈중 CsA농도와 sodium치는 각 군간에 차이가 없었고 potassium치는 CsA 단독 투여시에는 식이군간에 차이가 없었으나, CsA와 ACEI를 병용 투여시에는 NSD군에 비해서 LSD군에서 유의하게 증가하였다. (P<0.05). 사구체 여과율은 CsA만 투여한 경우나 CsA와 ACEI를 병용투여한 경우에서 NSD군에 비해 LSD군에서 유의하게 감소하였고 NSD를 시행한 경우에서는 CsA만 투여한 경우보다 ACEI를 병용투여했을 때 GFR이 더 감소하였다 (P<0.05). 조직학적 소견은 CsA투여에 의한 근위부 세뇨관 위축, 간질의 섬유화와 PAS염색 양성인 과립들이 출현하였고 이는 NSD군보다 LSD군에서 더 저명하였으며 ACEI를 병용시에도 LSD군에서 이러한 변화가 더 저명하게 관찰되었으나 ACEI 투여 전과는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서는 염분 부족은 renin-angiotensin system을 활성화해서 CsA 신증을 더욱 가중시키며, ACEI는 LSD로 유발된 CsA 신증에서 신기능의 화학적 지표와 조직학적으로 더욱 악화시컸다. 이 결과로 LSD로 인해 더욱 조장될 수 있는 간접적인 신허혈 상태에서는 ACEI는 신관류를 개선하지 못하고, 이로 인해 신독성이 더욱 악화될 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.38-48
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare regional differences in salty taste assessments, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and dietary behaviors associated with high-salt diets in four national regions in Korea (Region 1: Seoul, Sokcho, Region 2: Buyeo, Jecheon, Gong Ju, Region 3: Daegu, Gyeongsan, Region 4: Jeon Ju). Subjects were 860 persons who participated in sodium reduction campaign. The result of the salty taste assessment by region was not significantly different. The nutrition knowledge score of subjects in Region 1 was the highest. Dietary attitude scores that showed preference for high-salt diets of Region 2 and Region 4 subjects were higher than those of Regions 1 and 3 subjects (p < 0.001). Dietary behavior scores were not significantly different among regions. The correlation between sodium intake and salty taste assessment was significant (p < 0.01). Older subjects who had high blood pressure levels and lower nutrition knowledge were more likely to have high sodium intakes. Even though the salty taste assessment and dietary behavior scores by region were not significantly different, the salty taste assessment scores had a significant negative correlation with nutrition knowledge and had a significant positive correlation with dietary attitude and dietary behavior in terms of preference for high-salt diets. Therefore, nationwide education regarding salt intake reduction and health and a campaign to encourage favorable attitudes and behavioral changes regarding consumption of a no-salt / low-salt diet is needed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.535-541
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• 2010

나트륨의 과잉섭취가 고혈압의 주요한 위험요인으로 알려져 있는데, 한국인의 성인 하루 평균 소금 섭취량은 영양 섭취기준보다 3배 이상 높다. 본 연구에서는 식품교환표를 이용하여 14일간의 식단을 작성하고 조리된 음식의 나트륨 함량을 실제로 측정한 후 식품교환표와 식품성분표에서 계산된 나트륨 추정치와 비교하여, 각각 방법의 정확성 및 문제점을 파악하고자 하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 하루 식단의 나트륨 함량에서 식품교환표로 계산한 추정치는 실측치와 유의한 차이가 났으나, 식품성분표는 실측치와 유사하였다. 음식별 절대값의 비교에서는 식품교환표로 계산한 나트륨 추정치와 식품성분표로 계산한 나트륨 추정치가 모두 실측치와 유의한 차이가 났다. 음식군별 절대값 비교에서는 양념류의 나트륨 함량이 많은 주요리, 부식, 국물요리에서 상당히 유의한 차이가 났으며, 식품교환표로 계산한 추정치, 식품성분표로 계산한 추정치, 실측치간의 차이가 큰 음식들이 모두 주요리, 부식, 국물요리였다. 이상의 결과에 따르면, 단순히 하루 식단의 나트륨 함량 비교에서 식품교환표에 비해 식품성분표의 나트륨 함량이 더 정확하다고 생각할 수 있지만, 음식별 또는 음식군별로 추정치와 실측치간의 차이를 절대값으로 비교한 결과, 식품교환표와 식품성분표의 나트륨 함량 모두 실측치와 차이가 컸다. 특히 나트륨 과잉 섭취의 주요 원인으로 보고되는 양념류의 차이로 장류, 김치 등의 사용이 많은 한국음식에서 식품교환표와 식품성분표를 이용한 추정치와 실측치의 차이가 컸다. 따라서 고혈압 및 신장질환 환자를 위한 저염식단작성시 식품교환표나 식품성분표를 사용할 때 실제 소금량과의 차이를 고려해야한다.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.90-95
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• 2006

Asian Americans is a minority population contributing approximately 4% to the total population of the United States, however it is one of the fastest growing populations. Although Asian Americans as a group have socioeconomic profiles that are similar to white Americans, significant variations exists within and across Asian ethnic groups. The top ten leading causes of death for Asian Americans includes cancer, heart diseases, stroke, unintentional injuries, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, chronic lower respiratory disease, suicide, nephritis, and septicemia. The prevalence of obesity is lower among Asian Americans, however this should be taken with considerations specific to Asians. High salt and low calcium consumption seem to be dietary risk factors for Asian Americans, although dietary patterns are changing with acculturation. Factors affecting dietary patterns are discussed in this paper. A proactive nutrition education approach for Asian Americans should be promoting maintaining 'healthy' aspects of ethnic diets and adopting 'healthy' American diets. Collaboration with nutrition educators in Asian countries would be helpful to overcome limited resources available for researching and developing nutrition education messages and materials for Asian Americans. (J Community Nutrition 8(2): 90-95, 2006)

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.39-57
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• 1999

Essential hypertension is a typical chronic disease requiring adequate and continuous management. And many studies supported that self-care was the essential factor to promote the wellbeing. The purpose of this study is to identify and understand the behavior patterns of self-care in hypertensives. As a research method, 35 Q-statements were collected through Individual interviews and review of the related literatures. 21 subjects were interviewed and the data were analyzed by the PC QUANL program with principal component analysis. There were 6 different self-care types classified as follows 1) Type 1 was the self-oriented control type, monitoring the blood pressure and taking the low salt diet. But they didn't take the anti -hypertensive drug and visit the health agency regularly. 2) Type 2 was the stress-control type. Their main activities were meditation to relieve the stress and communication with family. 3) Type 3 was called daily-life control type. This type tried to make their mind comfort and think positively. They also preferred walking and exercise regularly. 4) Type 4 was the medical-oriented control type, taking the anti-hypertensive drug, visiting the medical personnel and following the medical regimens. 5) Type 5 was the medication-oriented type. They only took the anti -hypertensive drug regularly and didn't any other self-care like as monitoring the blood pressure, taking the low salt diet and exercise. 6) Type 6 was called non-medication control type. This type had no medication, but tried to visit the health agency and health personnel. From the above results, it can be concluded that the self-care types were very various and self-care education have to provide individually according to the characteristics of self-care type. Another repeated study can be recommended to improve the nursing intervention the self-care behavior in chronic patient like as diabetics or rheumatoid arthritis.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.496-506
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze the affecting factors on breast self-examination of middle-aged women in Korea. The subjects were 141 women on Jeju Island, and materials were collected through an organized questionnaire from March to August 2002. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test. A-nova and Discriminant analysis by the SAS program. The major results are as follows: 1. 53% of the subjects performed the breast self-examination. The practice of breast self-examination was correlated with the education level, income, low salt diet, more than 30 minutes of regular exercise. 2. Attitudes towards breast self-examination were not a significant practice regarding breast self-examination. However, the cognition about difficulty of breast self-examination partly showed an important barrier factor to the positive attitude. 3. The average self-efficacy concerning breast self-examination was 3.03. The stages of change related to the subjects showed that a contemplation stage was high. 4. With a stepwise multiple regression, the most significant factor on self-efficacy related with breast self-examination was the contemplation stage, 30-40 aged women. high income, regular exercise, low salt diet, family cancer history, etc. 5. With the discriminant analysis, the most important factors related with the practice of the breast self-examination were income and self-efficacy. The power of discriminant was 59%. The results of this study suggests that programs should be developed to promote practice and the self-efficacy related with breast self-examination.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.542-552
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary habits and food compliance in stroke patients. One-hundred sixty eight elderly stroke patients and 97 young patients with first -ever stroke admitted to Asan Medical Center between 1994 and 1998 were studied. Using a structured interview, we assessed food intake. food consumption frequency and compliance to low salt, low meat hight fish and high fruit and vegetable diets. These results were analyzed with X$^2$, t-tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SAS package program. Salted food intake and cholesterol-containing food frequency were increased whereas frequency of fruits and vegetables intake was decreased in young stroke patients compared to the elderly. Meat intake and cholesterol-containing food frequency were increased in the males compared to the females in elderly stroke patients. and fish intake and cholesterol-containing food frequency were higher in the males than the females in the young. In patients with high economic status, frequency of fruits and vegetables was elevated. Also compliance the low meat and high fruit and vegetable diet in young patients was lower than that in the elderly. When the life-style risk factors influencing the food intake of frequency of fruits and vegetables was affected by education in young stroke patients. In elderly stroke patients, meat intake frequency of cholesterol-containing foods and fruits and vegetables were influenced by sex and /or income. Our results suggest that dietary intake of salt meat ,cholesterol-containing foods. fruits and vegetables in stroke patients may vary with age, sex the presence of risk factors or economic status therefore guidelines and nutrition education should by formulated to prevent stroke recurrence based on dietary habits and risk factors of individual patients.