• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2024

This study evaluated the utilization of a low fish meal (LFM) diet and black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens meal and oil as a fish meal (FM) substitute or functional additive for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at the Jeju fish farm. Two experimental diets replaced FM using animal (tankage, poultry byproduct and tuna byproduct meal) and plant (wheat gluten and soy protein concentrate) protein sources, containing 45% (FM45) and 35% (FM35) of FM, respectively. One experimental diet replaced FM with animal, plant, and BSF meal, fish oil using insect meal and oil (FM35+). After the feeding trial ended, no differences in growth performance, feed utilization, survival and biological indices were observed among all experimental groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and cholesterol levels in the FM35 and FM35+ groups were significantly higher than that in the FM70 group. The linoleic acid level in the muscle was significantly higher in the fish fed with the FM70 diet than in those fed with the FM45, FM35, and FM35+ diets. Thus, the LFM diet is suitable for juvenile olive flounder farming during six months.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.861-869
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effectivity of full-fat black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (BSF) and defatted mealworm Tenebrio molitor (MW) larvae meal as a fish meal (FM) substitute in a low-fish meal (LFM) diet for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The LFM diet comprising 45% FM with tankage meal, poultry byproduct meal, soy protein concentrate and wheat gluten was the control diet. Three experimental diets were 10% FM in Con with BSF, MW and a mixture of both at the same ratio (designated as B10, M10 and B5M5, respectively). Four hundred and forty-fourth juvenile P. olivaceus (34.3±0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks (425 L) in three replicate groups per treatment and fed the experimental diets for 15 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, survival, biological indices (condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index), non-specific immune responses (lysozyme, myeloperoxidase) and intestinal histology (villi length and goblet cells) were not significantly affected by treatments. Feed utilization was significantly decreased in M10 compared to the control group. Alanine aminotransferase level was significantly higher in M10 than in the control group. Glucose level was significantly lower in B10 than in the control group. These results suggest that BSF and MW can be used as FM substitutes. However, considering feed conversion ratio and AST level, MW availability is thought to be lower than that of BSF, and feeding fish with a diet containing MW for an extended period is thought to adversely affect fish growth.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 1997

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding extruded-floating (EP), slow-sinking (SP), fast-sinking (FP) or moist (MP) prepared with two different levels of fish meal, respectively, on the growth, feed efficiency and body composition in Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Triplicate groups of the 50 fish averaging 75g were fed each of the following diets : high fish meal (72% in diet)-EP, low fish meal SP, low fish meal-FP and low fish meal-MP for 15 weeks. Dietary fish meal levels or pellet types did not influence weight gain, feed efficiency and bo요 composition of the fish (P>0.05). Findings showed that each of EP, SP or FP can by used as a practical type of diet for Koran rockfish.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.109-120
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• 2021

Protein hydrolysates and krill meal (KM) are used as protein sources in aquafeeds. The study was conducted to examine the supplemental effects of shrimp protein hydrolysates (SH) or KM in a high-plant-protein diet for red seabream (Pagrus major). A fish meal (FM)-based diet (40%) was considered as the high-FM diet (HFM) and a diet containing 25% FM and soy protein concentrate, in the expense of FM protein from HFM diet, was considered as the low fish meal (LFM) diet. Two other experimental diets (SH and KM) were prepared by including SH and KM into LFM diet at 5% inclusion levels in exchange of 5% FM from the LFM diet. A feeding trial was conducted for fifteen weeks using triplicate group of fish (Initial mean body weight, 8.47 ± 0.05 g) for a diet. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish were significantly enhanced by HFM, KM and SH supplemented diets over those of fish fed LFM diet. Interestingly, these parameters of fish fed SH diet showed better performance than KM and HFM groups. Liver IGF-I expression of fish fed SH diet was comparable to HFM group and higher than KM and LFM diets. Protein digestibility of SH diet was significantly higher than KM, HFM, and LFM diets. Dry matter digestibility of SH diet was comparable to HFM diet and significantly higher than KM and LFM diets. Nitro blue tetrazolium and superoxide dismutase activities of HFM, SH and KM groups were significantly elevated than the LFM group and SH diet increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities of fish compared to KM and LFM groups. Hemoglobin level and hematocrit of fish fed SH and KM diets were significantly higher than LFM group. A diet containing 20% FM with KM is comparable to a HFM diet which contains 40% FM for red seabream. SH can be used to replace FM from red seabream diet down to 20% and fish performance can be improved better than a diet containing 40% FM. Overall, it seems that SH is more effective ingredient in red seabream diet compared to KM.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of cottonseed and soybean meal on growth performance of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Nine hundred fish $(0.74{\pm}0.11g)$ in the early juvenile stage were randomly divided into 15 groups, and 3 groups were fed one of five isonitrogenous (56% CP) and isocaloric $(16.3\;MJ\;kg^{-1})$ diets replacing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% of fish meal protein by equal proportion (1:1, w:w) of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) (designated by Control, CS10, CS20, CS30, and CS40, respectively). A solvent extracted cottonseed meal containing high crude protein (44%) and low fiber content (<12%) was used in this study. After 10 weeks of feeding trial, the growth offish fed diets CS10, CS20, and CS30 were not significantly (P>0.05) different compared to that of fish fed the control diet. However, diet CS40 exhibited significantly lower (P<0.05) growth performance than the control diet. No differences were observed in whole body composition of fish fed all the experimental diets. This study indicates that mixture of cottonseed and soybean meal with lysine and methionine supplementation can replace up to 30% fish meal protein in diet for olive founder at the early juvenile stage. However, we suggest that 20% of fish meal protein replacement by cottonseed (10%) and soybean (10%) meal can be the optimum level for commercial use in safety according to the growth performances.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with a mixture of four protein sources (wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate, tankage meal, and poultry byproduct meal) in an extruded pellet (EP) diet for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with alternative proteins replacing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of FM. Taurine and betaine were added as attractants in the diets. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight: $196{\pm}2g$) were fed the diets to apparent satiation. Over the course of a 6-month feeding trial, there were no significant differences between the groups in growth performance, feed utilization, survival, or villus height. The dry matter and protein digestibility of FM50 diet were significantly lower than those of the control diet at water temperatures below $18.5^{\circ}C$ in months 4 and 6. This is a highly significant first report on FM replacement in an EP diet given to olive flounder over a 6-month-long feeding period. It shows that the proper mixture of protein sources can replace up to 50% of FM in olive flounder EP diets with taurine and betaine supplementation. It also shows that 40% of FM could be safely replaced in EP diets during periods of low water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.300-308
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the utilization of low fish meal (LFM) diet and black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens meal supplementation in LFM diet as a fish meal (FM) replacer or functional additive for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Three LFM diets were prepared to contain 30, 25, and 20% FM, respectively (designated as F30, F25, and F20). Three BSF diets were prepared by adding 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% BSF in the LFM diets, respectively (designated as F30B2.0, F25B2.5, and F20B3.0). A total of 540 fish (initial mean body weight: 22.3±0.01g) were randomly distributed into 18 tanks (240 L) in triplicate groups and fed the experimental diets twice daily for 12 weeks. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the growth performance, feed utilization and survival among all the groups. Lysozyme activity significantly increased in F30B2.0 and F25B2.5 groups compared to their respective LFM groups. Total immunoglobulin was significantly higher in F30 group than in F20 group. Anti-protease and myeloperoxidase activities were significantly higher in F30B2.0 group than in F20 group. Innate immunity gradually decreased with decreasing FM level in all the groups. BSF supplementation significantly improved immunity compared to their respective LFM diets. Therefore, BSF could be used as an immuno-stimulant supplement in LFM diets for P. olivaceus.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1998

Growth performance and excretions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were investigated with carp (Cyprinus carpio) with carp (Cyprinus carpio) grower fed a low pollution diets (A and B) and commercial ones (Com-1 and Com-2). A recirculated rearing system (Exp. I) and a floating net cage system (Exp. II) were employed for two feeding trials in which fish having an initial body weight of 152g and 193g were fed for 41 an 39 days, respectively. The highest weight gain, daily growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were found (P<0.05) in fish fed diet A containing 10% fish meal and 2% monocalcium phosphate (MCP) for both experiments. They also showed the lowest feed conversion ratio and daily feeding ration among treatments. Fish fed diet B containing 10% fish meal, 5% fish protein concentrate and 1% MCP showed weight gain and FCR more improved (P<0.05) than those fed commercial diets. In all groups, whole body cmpositions were not greatly different among treatment, and protein and P contents in final fish ranged from 14.3 to 15.6% and from 0.39 to 0.48%, respectively. Fish fed diet A excreted the least N which were 38.3 in Exp. I and 39.6g/kg gain in Exp. II. However, the values found in fish fed two commercial diets amounted to 59.1 and 58.9g, respectively. A significant decrease in P excretion was also found in fish groups fed diets A and B. In Exp. I, a reduction of 53.4% was shown in fish fed diet A, compared to the averaged value (18.5g P/kg gain) of two commercial groups. In Exp. II conducted using the floating net cages, fish fed diet B excreted the least P (8.6g/kg gain) among the treatment, which was followed by fish fed diet A, showing 48.6% reduction compared to the average value (18.5g/kg gain) for fish fed two commercial diets. The present results clearly showed that N and P excretions from fish culture could be significantly reduced by using the low pollution diet.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.212-220
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• 2023

Over the past 50 years, red sea bream Pagrus major has been selectively bred for more than 10 generations to improve its growth rate. However, the effect of genetic factors on growth under low- or non-fish meal diet is still unclear. Here, we analyzed 251 individuals randomly mating 21 females (dam) and 16 males (sire) to determine the difference in growth between non-fish meal (i.e., treatment group) and fish meal-based diet (i.e., control group), if any. The kinship coefficient between each group of individuals and their parents was estimated by the KING (Kinship-based Inference for GWASs) software package. The presumed parents of 74 individuals in the treatment group and 57 individuals in the control group could be effectively identified. Notably, one specific female was consistently related to high- rather than low-growth individuals in both groups. In addition, more than one parent in each group was related to either high- or low-growth individuals. Parents of both high-growth individuals in the treatment group and low-growth individuals in the control group were also identified. Although further study is required on various growth factors, this study suggests the possibility of selective breeding under non-fish meal diet.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.350-357
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• 2021

This study aimed to evaluate how fish meal (FM) replacement in diets with a mixture of animal and plant protein sources affect growth performance, feed utilization, hematological parameters and innate immunity of red seabream Pagrus major. A control FM diet was formulated to contain 65% FM (Con). Two other diets were prepared replacing FM in the control diet with a mixture of protein sources (wheat gluten, soy-protein concentrate, tankage meal, and poultry by-product meal) by 30 and 40% (FM30 and FM40, respectively). Total 300 red seabream (body weight, 77.6±0.3g) were distributed to 12 tanks (300 L) in 4 replicates per diet. The fish were fed the diets to apparent satiation for 19 weeks. After the feeding trial, no significant differences could be observed in growth performance, feed utilization, hematological parameters, innate immunity, and survivals among all the dietary treatments. This long-term feeding trial at low water temperature (13.8-17.5℃) indicates that a proper mixture ratio of wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate, tankage meal, and poultry by-product meal can replace FM up to 40% in red seabream diets.