• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.265-273
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• 1985

To predict the nutritional quality of seafood proteins using a newer in virto model, 10 species of shellfish protein samples were used in determining the extent of in vitro digestibility, trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS), computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER), discriminant computed protein efficiency ratio (DC-PER) and predicted digestibility which calculated solely from amino acid profile. The content of TIS in eviscerated samples were ranged from 1.10 to 5.09 mg/g solid, whereas the whole samples were ranged from 1.26 to 7.30 mg/g solid expressed quantitatively as mg of soybean trypsin inhibitor. The in vitro digestibility showed $82{\sim}86%$ for eviscerated samples in contrast with $78{\sim}84%$ for whole ones. Therefore, the results suggested that in vitro digestibility of shellfish was influenced by the present of viscera. The lysine content of Mya arenaria, Saxidomus purpuratus, Anadara subcrenata, and Anadara broughronii were lower than that of ANRC casein, but Corbicula fluminea, Cyclina sinensis, and eviscerated Mytilus edulis, were showed the value about 10.0 g/16g N. In all samples, the content of tryptophan and cystein were more higher than those of ANRC casein. The C-PER of whole samples showed the value below 2.0 while the values above 2.5 noted in the eviscerated samples. DC-PER of most samples were greater than those of C-PER and a greater discrepancies were revealed in whole shellfish which possesses the lower in vitro digestibility. The shellfish sample showed a high in vitro digestibility and a low TIS content such as eviscerated ones may need the DC-PER and predicted digestibility procedures rather than C-PER and four-enzyme in vitro digestibility procedure could offer more advantages in predicting the protein quality of whole shellfish samples which have poor in vitro digestibility and high TIS content.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 1996

Previously, we have proposed a two-cell type model for follicular steroidogenesis inamphibians with Rana nigromacu lota. Present experiments were carried out to ascertain whether the model Is applicable to R. dybowskii. The role of theca layer were also reassessed by using granulosa cell-free pure theca layer (P-THEP). Theca/epithelium (THEP) layers, P-THEP layers, and granulosa cell enclosed-oocytes () were obtained from ovarian follicles of R. dybowskii by microdissection. Intact follicles (IFs) and different types of tissues were cultured for 6 hour in amphibian Ringer's m the presence or absence of FPII (0.05 gland/mi) or various steroid precursor (100 ng/ml). The amounts of product steroids converted by the components were measured by RIA. Exogenously added pregnenolone (P5) resulted in a marked increase in progesterone (P$_4$) by GCEOs (2143 pg/follicle) and IFs (2346 pg/follicle) but a smaller increase in P4 by THEP layer (495 pg/follicle). Addition of P$_4$ increased 17 a-hydroxyprogesterone (17 $\alpha$-OHP$_4$) levels by GCEOs (1118 pg/follicle) and IFs (1333 pg/follicle) but less by THEP layer (290 pg/follicle). However, much less amounts of P$_4$ or 17 $\alpha$-OHP$_4$ were producad by P-THEP layers than THEP in the presence of P5. Exogenous 1 7$\alpha$-OIIP$_4$ increased androstenedione (AD) levels by GCEOs (1415 pg/follicle) and IFs (561 pg/follicle) but not by THEP layers. In contrast, addition of AD resulted m a marked increase in testosterone (T) levels by TIIEP (2594 pg/follicle) and IFs (2223 pg/follide) but much less by GCEOs (339 pg/follicle). Exogenous T increased estradiol (E$_2$) levels by GCEOs (551pg/follicle) and IFs (887 pg/follicle), but not by THEP layer (<10 pg/follicle). Without addition of FPH or steroid precursors, very low or nondetectable levels of steroids were produced (< 20 pg/follicle) by all the types of follicular components examined. The data presented here indicate that the two-cell type model based on the study with R. nigromacu Iota is applicable to R. dybowskii and also suggest that the minor pathway, which convert P5 to 17$\alpha$-OHP$_4$, is not present in theca layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidative activities of the methanol extracts from dried Citrus sunki and C. unshiu peels. The dried C. sunki peels displayed higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents for older dried peels. In contrast, the dried C. unshiu peels displayed higher total polyphenol contents for more recently dried and displayed high total flavonoid contents by order of 2007, 2008 and 2006. DPPH radical scavenging activities of dried C. sunki peels were high by order of 2007 (0.25 mg/mL exception), 2006 and 2008, but C. unshiu peels could not confirm clear regularity. In particular, the dried C. sunki (2008, exception) and C. unshiu peels displayed very high activities of more than 86% in 1.0 mg/mL. Alkyl radical scavenging activities of dried C. sunki peels were higher for older dried peels (2007, 1.0 mg/mL exception), and that of dried C. unshiu peels were higher for more recently dried in below 0.5 mg/mL but were higher for older peels in 1.0 mg/mL. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of dried C. sunki peels were higher for older peels (2007, 2.5 mg/mL exception), on the other hand, dried C. unshiu were higher for more recently dried. In particular, dried C. unshiu peels displayed high activities of more than 85% in 2.5 mg/mL. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of dried C. sunki and C. unshiu peels displayed low activities compared to other reactive oxygen species as the range of $49.9\pm2.2\sim63.5\pm0.9$% in 1.0 mg/mL.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.524-532
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• 2010

The Na, component of salt, can increase the risk of high blood pressure and hypertension. Especially, children are exposed to an increased risk of high sodium intake, because they often consume Na-rich processed foods and commercially prepared foods in the street. However, the database for the sodium and chloride content for these children's favorite foods is insufficient. In this study, the Na and Cl contents in 89 children's favorite foods were analyzed by using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) method. The analyzed food items were presented after being classified into 33 kinds of food groups. The Na contents in 100 g children's favorite foods ranged from 0.3 mg to 35.1mg in fruits, 28.9mg to 82.5mg in milks, 127.2 mg to 602.2 mg in breads, cakes, sandwiches, and rice cakes, 2.5 mg to 1169.9 mg in candies, cookies and ice creams, 226.9 mg to 693.7 mg in commercially prepared street foods, and 103.4 mg to 875.8 mg in fast foods of westernized restaurant. Among children's favorite food groups, 100 g fried chicken, hotdog, burgers, and donuts contained an average Na of 536 mg, 553 mg, 794 mg, and 562.2 mg, respectively, so they are classified as 'high Na foods'. In contrast, 100 g fruits and dairy products contained Na an average 4.9 mg and 43.4 mg, respectively, being classified as 'low Na foods'. One serving of ramen, mandu noodle, and burger pizza can supply over 667mg Na, which is one third of the KDRI targeted intake. Likewise, the Cl contents in children's favorite foods were diverse according to food groups. The Cl contents in the analyzed foods differed from the 1.5 times of Na content, which is assumed in general. This study showed that the Na and Cl contents in children's favorite foods are very diverse. Conclusively, a strategy to reduce Na contents in the fast foods such as noodles and westernized restaurant foods is necessary for children health.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 1990

From May 1979 through December 1981 a total of 524 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated by radiation therapy with curative intent. Among the 524 patients, 350 were treated with a high-dose-rate (HDR), remote-controlled, afterloading intracavitary irradiation (ICR) system using a cobalt source (Ralstron), and 168 patients received a low-dose-rate (LDR) ICR using a radium source. External beam irradiation with a total dose of 40-50 Gy to the whole pelvis followed by intracavitary irradiation with a total dose of 30-39 Gy in 10-13 fractions to point A was the treatment protocol. ICR was given three times a week with a dose of 3 Gy per fraction. Five-year actuarial survival rates in the HDR-ICR group were $77.6{\%}$ in stage IB (N=20), $68.2{\%}$ in stage II (N=182), and $50.9{\%}$ in stage III (N=148). In LDR-ICR group, 5-year survival rates were $87.5{\%}$ in stage IB (N=22), $66.3{\%}$ in stage II (N=91), and $55.4{\%}$ in stage III (N=52). Survival rates showed a statistically significant difference by stage, but there was no significant difference between the two ICR groups. Late bowel complications after radiotherapy were noted in $3.7{\%}$ of the HDR-ICR group and $8.4{\%}$ of the LDR-ICR group. There was no severe complication requiring surgical management. The incidence of bladder complications was $1.4{\%}$ in the HDR-ICR group and $2.4{\%}$ in the LDR-ICR group. The application of HDR-ICR was technically simple and easily performed on an outpatient basis without anesthesia, and the patients tolerated it very well. Radiation exposure to personnel was virtually nil in contrast to that of LDR-ICR. Within a given period of time, more patients can be treated with HDR-ICR because of the short treatment time. Therefore, the HDR-ICR system is highly recommended for a cancer center, particularly one with a large number of patients to be treated. In order to achieve an improved outcome, however, the optimum dose-fractionation schedule of HDR-ICR and optimum combination of intracavitary irradiation with external beam irradiation should be determined through an extensive protocol.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2020

A photoelectric grain color sorter is commonly used in postharvest technology to detect and separate grains considered to be of good quality from those of poor quality based on color. In this study, the milled rice of Haedamssal cultivated under early transplanting conditions was evaluated using the color sorting device. Rice was classified according to standard grades of 64% for grade A, 18% for grade B, and 17.2% for grade C. By head rice ratio analysis, the milled rice of Haedamssal was recorded a grade A of 72.9%, representing a 24.5% improvement compared to the 48.4% of original grains. However, the grades B and C of Haedamssal rice were lower than those of original rice. In addition, grade A whiteness of Haedamssal rice was 45.3, which was lower than that of original grains. The color affinity redness was significantly lower in Haedamssal rice than in the screening control. No significant difference was found in the amylose and protein contents of rice before and after selection by the grain color sorter. In contrast, grain viscosity analysis revealed an increase in peak and final viscosities, while the consistence viscosity increased in low grade levels. Our results suggest that the photoelectric grain color sorter could improve the head rice ratio and palatability of early transplanted Hadamssal rice.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2013

Purpose: To compare corneal asphericity, visual acuity (VA), and ocular and corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) between myopic refractive surgery and emmetropia groups. Methods: Twenty three subjects ($23.0{\pm}2.5$ years) who underwent myopic refractive surgery and twenty emmetropia ($21.0{\pm}206$ years) were enrolled. The subjects'criteria were best unaided monocular VA of 20/20 or better in both two groups. High and low contrast log MAR visual acuities were measured under photopic and mesopic conditions. Corneal and ocular HOAs were measured using Wavefront Analyzer (KR-1W, Topcon) for 4 mm and 6 mm pupils. Corneal asphericity was taken by topography in KR-1W. Results: There was no significant difference in VA between two groups under either photopic or mesopic conditions. In ocular aberrations, there were significant differences in total HOAs, fourthorder and spherical aberration (SA) for a 6 mm between two groups (p=0.045, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively). In corneal aberrations, there was a significant difference in SA for 4 mm (p=0.001) and 6 mm (p<0.001) pupils between two groups and there were statistically significant differences in total HOAs (p<0.001) and fourth-order aberrations (p<0.001) between two groups for a 6 mm pupil. There was a significant correlation in emmetropia between Q-value and SA in ocular aberrations for 4 mm and 6 mm pupils (r=0.442, p=0.004, and r=0.519, p<0.001) and in corneal aberrations for 4 mm and 6 mm pupils (r=0.358, p=0.023, and r=0.646, p<0.001). No significant correlations were found between Q-value and SA in refractive surgery group. Conclusions: VA in myopic refractive surgery is better than or similar to emmetropia. Nevertheless, the more increasing pupil size is, the more increasing aberrations are. Thus, it could have an influence on the quality of vision at night.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2016

To evaluate the applicability of cellular energy allocation (CEA) in the bivalves as a biomarker for the assessment of environmental contamination, the energy contents and energy consumption in several tissues of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum were analyzed. The contents of lipid, glucose, protein and electron transport system (ETS) activity in the foot, siphons, gills, and body of R. philippinarum exposed to crude oil-spiked sediments were measured at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10 days after exposure. The reserved energy (energy available, EA) in the lipid, glucose and protein decreased as contamination level and exposure time increased. In contrast, the ETS activity (energy consumed, EC) showed the reverse tendency. The order of available energy contents were foot > siphons > gill > body. Significant differences in both EA and EC were found only at the highest contamination level (58.3 mg TPAHs/kg DW). EA decreased significantly in the foot and gill at 1 day, in the body at 2 and 7 days after exposure. EC increased significantly in the body at 4 days after exposure. CEA showed higher sensitivity to the contamination than EA or EC. Especially, CEA in the foot and body decreased significantly at lower ranges of contamination level (as low as 6.5 mg TPAHs/kg DW) during 1 to 7 days after exposure. The CEA is more useful than EA or EC alone for the assessment of sediment contamination at lower level that acute toxicity could not be detected. CEA analyses in the body of R. philippinarum after 4 days' exposure to contaminated sediments seem to be the most sensitive and reliable.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2011

The Korean distribution industry is gearing up for an endless competition. Greeting low growth era, less competitive parties will be challanged seriously for their survival. But for large discount stores, they have shown steady annual growth for years. However, because of the saturation for numbers of stores, the difficulty of gaining new sites, and the changes in the consumer's consumption behavior caused by the recession, now they are seeking for a new customers-based business formats. Accordingly, a large corporate comopanies made supermarkets which are belonged to affiliated companies of large corporate comopanies. They based on the strong buying power, focused on SSM(Super Super Market) ave been aggressively develop nationwide multi-stores. The point is that these stores are threatening at small and medium-sized, community-based private supermarkets. Private supermarkets and retailers, who are using existing old operation systems and their dilapidated facilities, are losing a competitive edge in business. Recent the social effects of large series of corporate supermarkets for traditional markets has been very controversial, and commercial media, academia, and industry associated with it have been held many seminars and public hearings. This may slow down the speed in accordance with the regulations, but will not be the crucial alternative. The reason for this recent surge of enterprise-class SSM up, one of the reasons is a stagnation in their offline discount mart, so they are finding new growth areas. Already in the form of large supermarkets across the country got most of the geographical centre point and is saturated with stages. Targeting small businesses that do not cover discount Mart, in order to expand business in the form of SSM is urgent. By contrast, private supermarkets are going to lose their competitiveness. The vulnerability of individual supermarkets, one of the vulnerabilities is price which economies of scale can not be realized so they are purchasing a small amount of products and difficult to get a quantity discount. The lack of organization and collaboration, and education which is not practical, caused the absencer of service-oriented situations. As a first solution, making specialty shops which are handling agricultures, fruits and vegetables and manufactured goods is recommended. Second, private supermarkets franchisees join the organization for the organization and collaboration is recomaned. It can be meet the scale of economy and can be formed a alternative business formats to a government. Third, the education is needed as a good service will get consumer's awareness. In addition, a psychological stores operating is also one way to stimulate consumer sentiment as SSM can't operate. Japan already has a better conditions of their lives through small chain expression. This study includes the vulnerabilities of private supermarkets, and suggests a competitiveness reinforcement strategies.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.50
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• pp.327-347
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• 2018

From the end of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century, the late 19th century was a genre of a new art that was in contrast to the distribution between social class and low class, and it was also a popular culture that attempted to transform the late Joseon Dynasty's social class. It is no exaggeration to say that it is the origin of the Korean folk art, started as popular art concepts, use colorful techniques and decorations which doesn't yield to ordinary iconography. But, because of the attempt of this technique was used by lower class, the meaning of the idea was lowered from iconography to secular picture. Ethics character picture, passed on to the present from going through the upheaval cultural time, was started from secular picture and transformed into hyukpil time illustration, and it represented popular arts until now. This thesis aims to reflect the meaning, various visual expressions and the lifestyle of Ethics Character Picture of filial piety and brotherly love, which is a unique genre of popular arts. Also, propose to suggest about the kinetic typography using video media, and how the traditional ethics character picture, which are combined with video technology, effects to the advertisements. These kind of attempts will show the world about the korea's traditional contents, and through the various media information it can be recreated as national symbolic key words. Furthermore, its meaningful to pass down the noble and cultural Ethics Character Picture of filial piety and brotherly love to younger generations. And by realigning to modern expression, it is predicted that it will be significantly meaningful to pass down and make the younger generations to understand to spirit of the ancestors. This will allow various attempts to reconstruct various items of contents from Korea's traditional contents to new media content that merged with video media.