• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.771-779
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities (FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH), and antibacterial properties of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) extracts. Lotus leaves, stems, and seed pods were extracted with deionized water at $95^{\circ}C$, and with 70.5% ethanol at $85^{\circ}C$. The TPC ranged from 8.12 to 215.12 GAE mg/g. The ethanol extract of the seed pod had the highest TPC, and the TPC of the corresponding deionized water extract was 161.45 mg/g. FRAP values ranged from 104.03 to $3,546.39TEAC\;{\mu}mol/g$, ABTS radical cation scavenging activities ranged from 105.11 to $3,956.94TEAC\;{\mu}mol/g$, and DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged from 37.29 to $2,549.46TEAC\;{\mu}mol/g$. $EC_{50}$ values ranged from 0.26 to 9.63 mg/mL, and 0.31 to 21.21 mg/mL for ABTS and DPPH, respectively. The ethanol and deionized water extracts of the seed pod showed higher TPC and stronger antioxidant properties (FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH) than those of characteristic of the leaf extracts. The ethanol and deionized water extracts of the seed pod showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with inhibition zones of 9.0 to 14.0 mm, and the ethanol extract of the leaf showed antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis and S. aureus with inhibition zones of 9.0 and 10.0 mm, respectively. Thus, the lotus seed pod could be used to produce novel teas, and could be a potential source of therapeutic ingredients for food and medicine.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 2012

Antioxidant and neuronal cell protective effects of aqueous extract from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf tea (LLTE) were investigated. The 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging effect, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and malondialdehyde inhibition of LLTE were increased in a dose dependent manner. Intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation resulting from hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) treatment was significantly reduced when LLTE were present in the media compared to PC12 cells treated with $H_2O_2$ only. In neuronal cell viability assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT), LLTE showed protective effect against $H_2O_2$-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase release into medium was also inhibited by LLTE (7.13-43.89%). Total phenolics of LLTE were 33.16 mg/g and a quercetin was identified as major phenolics (105.93 mg/100g). Therefore, above these data suggest that LLTE including quercetin may be useful in the natural antioxidant substance, and may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative disease.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2009

Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) is known to be a useful medicinal plant and leaf extract contains several flavonoids and alkaloids. To analyze the effect of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract (NNL) on the HBsAg production, we treated NNL on HepG2.2.15 cells which contain the hepatitis B viral genome and secrete surface antigen into media. NNL suppressed the production of hepatitis B surface antigen as a dose-dependent manner. To analyze the effect of NNL on HBV DNA replication, PCR analysis was performed. NNL was not affected the HBV DNA replication and HBsAg mRNA expression. To understand the effect of NNL on the production of HBsAg, we carried out the analysis of lipid-metabolizing gene expression using one-step RT-PCR. NNL reduced the gene expression of FASN and SREBP2 and increased the expression of LDLR. Triglyceride content of HepG2.2.15 cells was not decreased by treatment of NNL. This result suggests a possibility that NNL may have an effect for the inhibition of hepatitis B surface antigen by modulation of lipid and cholesterol metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.505-511
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activity of Jeolpyeon containing lotus seed powder. Original Jeolpyeon and Jeolpyeon with BHT (butyl hydroxy toluene) werecompared. Antioxidant activities were measured based ontotal polyphenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radicalscavenging activity, reducing power, and SOD-like activity. Total polyphenolic and total flavonoid contents of Jeolpyeon containing lotus seed powder were estimated at $37.81{\pm}0.45$ mg GAE/g and $26.35{\pm}0.13$ mg QE/g respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity increased upon addition of lotus seed powder. Further, reducing power was higher in Jeolpyeon containing lotus seed powder than original Jeolpyeon or Jeolpyeon with BHT. The antioxidative effect of Jeolpyeon significantly increased uponaddition of lotus seed powder.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.469-483
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• 2021

Background and objective: If the Nelumbo nucifera spreads in a wetland at a high density, it can have considerable positive and negative ecological effects on habitats. For this reason, it is necessary to precisely investigate the impacts of its rapid proliferation. This study was conducted to propose the distribution and management of N. nucifera, which can cause the degradation of wildlife habitats due to the rapid spread of internal and external environmental factors that may affect the Junam wetland ecosystem. Methods: For the investigation and analysis of physical and ecological characteristics, factors of the abiotic environment such as general weather conditions, topography and water depth structure, and soil and water quality analysis, and bioenvironment characteristics such as changes in the N. nucifera community distribution were evaluated. To assess whether the differences in the soil depth and physicochemical characteristics between the N. nucifera community and the aquatic plant community are statistically significant, a One-way ANOVA was executed. Results: N. nucifera was presumably introduced in approximately 2007 and observed at a prevalence of only 0.8% in 2009, but had expanded to 11.1% in 2014. After that, the area was increased to 19.3% in 2015 and 40.0% in 2017, about twice that of the previous survey year. The rapid diffusion of an N. nucifera colony can have adverse effects on wildlife habitats and biodiversity at Junam Wetland. To solve these problems, four management methods can be proposed; water level management, mowing management, installation of posts and removal of lotus roots. Control of the N. nucifera community using these methods was judged to be suitable for cutting and water level management when considering expansion rate, water level variation, and wildlife habitat impacts. Conclusion: As the biotic and abiotic environmental factors are different for each wetland, it is necessary to determine the timing and method of management through a detailed investigation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1187-1190
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• 1999

Lotus seed(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner), known as traditional medicine as an antifebrile, antipsychotic, and cantihypertensive agent, was analyzed the chemical composition of lipid and protein. The seed com posed of 12.2% moisture, 2.3% crude lipid, 19.5% crude protein, 61.3% carbohydrate, 2.1% crude fibre, and 4.1% ash. The lipid showed iodine value of 97.9 that is lower than that of soybean oil and sesame oil, and similar to peanut oil and cotton seed oil. The fatty acid composition of the oil were the highest in content of linoleic acid which occupied 58.3% and saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid was 20.9:79.1. Especially behenic acid content, 6.9%, was higher than other plant oils. Sixteen amino acids were detected in the protein from the seed and glutamic acid content was the highest as 4.5% in dehulled kernel. The portion of essential amino acid was 31.1%.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.180-190
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• 2010

This study investigates the quality characteristics of mung bean starch Jelly by addition of different ratios of white lotus(Nelumbo nucifera) root powder during 5 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. The moisture content of the samples ranged from 86.78 to 88.88%. The L value of the samples decreased as the amount of white lotus root powder increased; however, the a value and b value were significantly(p<0.05) increased. For the sensory evaluation, color and taste were decreased as the amount of white lotus root powder increased. Flavor and shine were not significantly different among the samples. And clarity and elasticity were highest in the sample with no powder and 5% of white lotus root powder. Hardness was decreased(p<0.05) as the amount of white lotus root powder increased. Overall acceptability was highest when using 0% and 5%. Texture profiles of hardness decreased as the amount of white lotus root powder increased. Hardness, gumminess, chewiness were found to drop significantly(p<0.05) after one day of storage. Cohesiveness was not significantly different among the samples according to the amounts of white lotus root powder. Adhesiveness was not significantly different in 0, 5, 10, and 15% of white lotus root powder. Syneresis was increased during the storage period. From the result, the most advisable mixture ratio of mung bean starch jelly with white lotus root powder was 19 g of mung bean starch, 1g of white lotus root, 0.1 g of salt and 160 mL of water.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.848-856
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact on settlement pattern of wintering swans by distribution of rapidly spreading lotus in Junam reservoir. When we investigated the relationship between the spreading lotus and population variation of the wintering swans in all around Nakdong-river estuary, the spreading lotus did not affect the number of swans in Junam reservoir. The occupation ratio of lotus distribution continuously increased from 13.2%(2013) to 19.0%(2014). Before we begin with the investigation, we compared two particular groups: inside of lotus community and far (>100 m) water area from the border of lotus community. At the first survey(2013.12.17), we observed 3.1 times more swan population in the inside, comparing with far water area. The third(2014.01.29.) and fourth(2014.12.03) inquiries also showed respectively 5.5 and 7.5 times higher swan population in the inside and near water area. The second observation was conducted during visitors were increased so these phenomenon was not observed. This result might be explained as the similar environmental condition of habitate for swan and lotus such as less than 1 m water depth. However, we considered that lotus and swan were not relation of conflict due to increasing both lotus community and swan population at the same time. According to the observation that inhabitation density of wintering swans is significantly high in near lotus communities area, at least spread of lotus did not negatively affect the wintering swans.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine characteristics of rhizome growth and flowering of white lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) plant in Muan Hoesan-lake for collecting the basic data on the cultivation and the flowering which is growing in Muan Hoesan-lake of Jeonnam province in Korea. We have planted from the seeds and the enlarged rhizomes of the white lotus which were planted in the plastic containers on April 20 and May 4, 2008, and cultivated under rain shelter condition. Rhizome growth pattern and the flowering characteristics of the white lotus were examined on September 4, 2008. Main rhizomes of the white lotus propagated by the seeds and the enlarged rhizomes were branched by 10% and 15%, respectively. Numbers of nodes in the bloomed and non-bloomed rhizomes of the white lotus were over 14 and below 11, respectively. Flower was not observed in the white lotus when propagated with seeds, however, flowers came out up to 80% by the enlarged rhizomes. First flowers were bloomed from the late July and to the early August, and the number of flowers were 4.0~4.4. The first flower stalks without branching of the main rhizome were emerged in 8.8th node, however, that with branching were 8.0th node. Time to flowering from the emergence of flower stalk on the above-ground parts were required 16 days. White flowers from the lotus were 15.3 cm in height and 28.2 cm in width, their longevity was 3.3 days and the averaged flower fresh weight was 29.2 g. The results conclude that optimum number of nodes on the main rhizomes for blooming the white lotus flowers should be over 8 nodes before the rhizome enlargement.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.436-441
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• 2019

Nelumbo nucifera, also known as sacred lotus, has mainly been used as a food throughout the Asian countries. In the present study, we prepared ethanol extracts from leaf (NL), seed (NS), and seedpod (NSP) of Nelumbo nucifera and investigated their anti-inflammatory activities in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of NL, NS, and NSP, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. NL, NS, and NSP significantly reduced NO production in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viabilities. NL, NS, and NSP dramatically decreased the protein expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as iNOS and COX-2. NL, NS, and NSP also suppressed phosphorylation of MAPKs and the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 indicating they have their anti-inflammatory activities via regulating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) pathways. In addition, we analyzed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the treatment of NL, NS, and NSP. All extracts reduced ROS production in a dose-dependent manner. And also, they increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression and the nuclear translocation of nuclear respiratory factor 2 (Nrf2). In conclusion, our results suggest that Nelumbo nucifera has its anti-inflammatory activity via regulating MAPKs, $NF-{\kappa}B$, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.