• Food Engineering Progress
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.338-345
• /
• 2011

The pH, acidity, protein, color, reducing sugar, total sugar, alcohol and organoleptic characteristics of Takju containing 100% short grain rice (100 S), 100% long grain rice (100 L), 50 S+50% puffed rice powder (50 P) and 50 L+50 P were examined. After a drastic decrease during the initial stage of fermentation, the pH gradually increased except 100 L. Protein peaked at day 1 and decreased. A higher protein was noticed in puffed samples than in rice samples (p < 0.05). The Hunter "L" value decreased after a rise during the beginning of fermentation. Puffed samples showed higher reducing sugar than rice at day 0. Total sugar was similar to reducing sugar. A drastic increase in alcohol concentration was detected at day 2. Higher alcohol was observed in short grain than long grain and also in puffed samples than in rice (p < 0.05). A significant difference between 100 S and 100 L was observed in a sensory evaluation (p < 0.01); while no preference was detected.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.555-561
• /
• 2005

A new graphical method was developed to separate two distinctive decay rate coefficients($k_1$ and $k_2$) at their respective degradable substrate fractions($S_1 and $S_2$). The mesophilic batch reactor showed $k_1$ of $0.151\;day^{-1}$ for wasted activated sludge(WAS), $0.123\;day^{-1}$ for thickened sludge(T-S), $0.248{\sim}0.358\;day^{-1}$ at S/I ratio of $1{\sim}3$ for sorghum and $0.155{\sim}0.209\;day^{-1}$ at S/I ratio $0.2{\sim}1.0$ for swine waste, whereas their long term batch decay rate coefficients($k_2$) were $0.021\;day^{-1}$, $0.001\;day^{-1}$, $0.03\;day^{-1}$ and $0.04\;day^{-1}$ respectively. At least an order of magnitude difference between $k_1$ and $k_2$ was routinely observed in the batch tests. The portion of $S_1$, which degrades with each $k_1$ appeared 71% for WAS, 39% for T-S, 90% for sorghum, and $84{\sim}91%$ at S/I ratio of $0.2{\sim}1.0$ for swine waste. Ultimate biodegradabilities of 50% for WAS, 40% of T-S, $82{\sim}92%$ for sorghum, and $81{\sim}89%$ for swine waste were observed.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.229-241
• /
• 2011

The continuous urbanizations by a rapid economic growth and a steady increase in population are expected to have a possible impact on meteorology in the downwind region. Long-term (1972~2007) trends of precipitation have been examined in the mid-Korean peninsula for the westerly condition only, along with the sensitivity simulations for a golden day (11 February 2009). During the long-term period, both precipitation amount (PA) and frequency (PF) in the downwind region (Chuncheon, Wonju, Hongcheon) of urban area significantly increased for the westerly and light precipitation ($PA{\leq}1mm\;d^{-1}$) cases, whereas PA and PF in the mountainous region (Daegwallyeong) decreased. The enhancement ratio of PA and PF for the downwind region vs. urban region remarkably increased, which implies a possible urbanization effect on downwind precipitation. In addition, the WRF simulation applied for one golden day demonstrates enhanced updraft and its associated convergence in the downwind area (about 60 km), leading to an increase in the cloud mixing ratio. The sensitivity experiments with the change in surface roughness demonstrates a slight increase in cloud water mixing ratio but a negligible effect on precipitation in the upwind region, whereas those with the change in heat source represents the distinctive convergence and its associated updraft in the downwind region but a decrease in liquid water, which may be attributable to the evaporation of cloud droplet by atmospheric heating induced by an increase in an anthropogenic heat. In spite of limitations in the observation-based analysis and one-day simulation, the current result could provide an evidence of the effect of urbanization on the light precipitation in the downwind region.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 1984

The effects of progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID) on the fertility levels in dairy cows were studied in 2 experiments. In experiment I, 70 lactating cows at 45 days postpartum were allotted to 3 groups and the treatments imposed were either： 1: Untreated control, 2: PRID with a capsule containing long of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) attached, inserted for 12 days, 3: PRID inserted for 12 days with long of prostaglandin F$\_$2${\alpha}$/ administration 24 h before PRID removal. Treated cows were inseminated 56 h after PRID removal and at an observed oestrus during the subsequent 48-day period. The control group was inseminated at an observed oestrus during this 60-day period. In experiment II, 60 ovarian disorder cows were divided into 5 groups and PRID+ODB inserted for 12 days. 1: atrophied ovary, 2: smooth ovary, 3: persistent corpus luteum, 4: follicular cyst, 5: luteal cyst. Treated cows were inseminated 56 h after PRID removal and at an observed oestrus over a period from the first insemination to 46 days. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The device produced a vaginal discharge in some animals. In experimenet I : 2. For treatments 2 and 3, respectively, conception rates to the fixed time insemination were 45% and 52%. 3. The conception rates of cows inseminated to the fixed time insemination and at an observed oestrus during a 60-day period were 65%, 86% and 91% for control, treatment 2 and 3, respectively. 4. Mean interval from calving to conception and inseminations per conception were 133, 91 and 86 days and 2.4, 2.1 and 1.9 for control, treatments 2 and 3, respectively. In experiment II； 5. The conception rates to the fixed time insemination for each group 20, 50, 70, 20 and 50%, respectively. 6. The total conception rates for the 48 days period of each group were 60, 70, 100, 60 and 90%, respectively. 7. The inseminations per conception of each group were 2.8, 2.1, 1.4, 2.7 and 1.9, respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.58-62
• /
• 2004

The effects of herbal medicine on type 2 diabetic animal model were investigated. Herbal medicine were composed with the addition of Coicis Semen into Okchun-san (OCS). Commelinae Herba into Gangsim-tang (GST). Scrophulariae Radix into Hyunsamsunki-san (HSK). and Erythrinae Cortex into Yukmijihuang-hwan (YMH). We evaluated anti-hyperglycemic and body weight reduction activity in diabetic db/db mice. The experimental animals were divided into six groups. as control group and five sample groups. Each 200mg/kg/day of OCS, GST, HSK and YMH was administered with orally for 14days long. 5mg/kg/day of acarbose was administered with orally for 14days long. On day 14, OCS-treated db/db mice had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to control group(296±25.9 versus 593±16.4mg/dl. p<0.001). During the 2 h intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), all the sample groups were improved compared to control group but insignificantly. After 14days of extract treatment. body weight in control. YMH and acarbose groups were increased. but OCS. GST and HSK groups reduced. However. it did not significantly lower hemoglobin Alc(HbAlc) in blood of db/db mice. These result suggest that OCS could be effective on insulin-independent type 2 diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.174-181
• /
• 2021

Lightweight geopolymers were fabricated by using IGCC (integrated gasification combined cycle) slag and Si sludge which are classified as general wastes (recyclable resources). Three curing methods were tried to investigate the changes in compressive strength and density according to the curing method and immersion time. Immersion period was tried up to 21 days to observe long-term performance in water. Compressive strength of the specimens cured in oven decreased abruptly with an increase in immersion time. Compressive strength of the specimen cured in autoclave was low after 3 and 7 day immersion; however, increased rapidly after 21 day immersion. On the contrary, compressive strength of the specimen cured in autoclave and oven was high but substantially decreased after 21 day immersion. Conclusively, it was speculated that oven curing is effective for the compressive strength development at early age; however, autoclave curing is more desirable for the long-term performance in water.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.43.1-43.8
• /
• 2023

Background: Meloxicam is used widely for exotic animal analgesia, but its toxicity in common raptor species in Thailand is unclear. Objectives: This study evaluated the single-dose effect of intramuscular meloxicam in common raptor species in Thailand for short-term and long-term periods. Methods: Twenty-two raptors were administered a single 1 mg/kg dose of meloxicam individually via intramuscular injection. The following were evaluated: clinical appearance, body weight, body condition score, body temperature, fecal appearance, complete blood cell count, and biochemistry panel before (day 0) and after the injection (1, 7, and 30 days). The collected samples were categorized into three groups: Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus) (n = 10), adult Barn owl (Tyto javanica) (n = 4), and juvenile Barn owl (n = 8). Results: None of the raptors in the study groups showed any abnormalities. The hematological profiles were significantly different in the short-term period (day 1 and day 7). The creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine kinase increased in several groups. On the other hand, the packed cell volume decreased in the Brahminy kite and juvenile Barn owl groups. According to the findings, an intramuscular injection of 1 mg/kg meloxicam affected the blood biochemistry panel of the muscle, but the affected raptors recovered within one week. Conclusions: An intramuscular injection of meloxicam at a single 1 mg/kg dose in Brahminy kites and Barn owls was not associated with the morbidity, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, and nephrotoxicity in the short- and long-term periods.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.1123-1140
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to explore the process for the elderly with palsy to solve conflicts with the elderly with dementia in day care center through the narrative therapy group work. For this, the researcher enacted the Narrative therapy group work on the 12 elderly with palsy for seven sessions, and analysed these data through qualitative case study method. The results of this study are as follows. First, the elderly with palsy became to recognize the elderly with dementia as 'the people suffering from dementia' rather than 'the problem', and tried to care them rather than to blame. Second, they became to recognize themselves as 'component people' rather than 'the victim'. Third, they grew intimate and collaborated with themselves. Fourth, they participated actively in day care center. It was discussed connection between these changes and narrative therapy skills, such as to separate problem from people, to respect client as expert for one's problem, to seek unique outcome. The recommendation is suggested that it is important to enlarge choice to participate for long-term care service consumer and to apply narrative therapy on the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.278-289
• /
• 2023

Background: Linezolid has been widely used in the treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. However, there are limitations to use it such as long treatment, because of related side effects, even adequate treatment period has been needed for remission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Method: The meta-analysis was performed based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. To choose literatures, systematic literature reviews were conducted with databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Results: Efficacy and safety of Linezolid were determined by 85% (95% CI=79~89%, p<0.05) in the sputum culture conversion and 55% (95% CI=45~64%, p<0.01) in side effects related to linezolid, respectively. In addition, I² was estimated by 72%. In the subgroup analysis, efficacy and safety by dose and region were analyzed. In the subgroup analysis, compared with the linezolid dose in groups greater than 600 mg/day and less than 600 mg/day, this study showed 85% (95% CI 79~90%, p>0.05) in 206 patients and 82% (95% CI 73~89%, p<0.05) in 297 patients, respectively. Also, in the subgroup analysis, adverse effects caused by linezolid occurred more than 50% of treated patients. Conclusion: Therapeutic efficacy of linezolid for MDR-TB patients was confirmed regardless of the initial dose of linezolid, especially for sputum culture conversion and it was recommended that the dose of linezolid has been more effective below 600 mg/day. However, it should be necessary to closely monitored for safety issues since serious side effects possibly occurred by administration of long period treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the role of plant growth substances on the bulbing of cold type of garlic (Allium sativum L. cv. Uiseongmaneul) during long and short day conditions. The change in endogenous plant hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and sugar contents in leaf blade and sheath was examined during the growth stage from bulb differentiation (starting at April 16) to bulbing (April 24 to May 18) in cold type of garlic. In the long day condition, ABA contents were higher than short day condition and ABA contents of leaf sheath were higher than leaf blade. ABA contents of growth stage in garlic were not changed during growth stage from April 16 to May 2, however it rapidly increased during bulbing (May 2 to May 18). On the other hand, endogenous JA contents in short day condition did not change in long day condition, it increased from April 16 to May 2. JA contents in the leaf sheath (33.85-62.04 $ng{\cdot}g^{-1}$ DW) were higher than leaf blade (15.39-30.04 $ng{\cdot}g^{-1}$ DW). These results showed that garlic bulb differentiation and bulbing was induced by JA in leaf sheath. In long day condition, total sugar contents in the leaf blade were increased from bulb differentiation (April 16) to bulbing (May 4) and it was decreased during bulbing (May 4 to May 18) while the total sugar content in leaf sheath were gradually increased from bulb differentiation (April 16) to bulbing (May 18). In conclusion, our results showed that there is a significant correlation between the bulb development of garlic and hormonal content in the leaf sheath.