• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.765-772
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• 2011

Knowledge which is represented by formal logic are widely used in many domains such like artificial intelligence, information retrieval, e-commerce and so on. And for medical field, medical documentary records retrieval, information systems in hospitals, medical data sharing, remote treatment and expert systems need knowledge representation technology. To retrieve information intellectually and provide advanced information services, systematically controlled mechanism is needed to represent and share knowledge. Importantly, medical expert's knowledge should be represented in a form that is understandable to computers and also to humans to be applied to the medical information system supporting decision making. And it should have a suitable and efficient structure for its own purposes including reasoning, extendability of knowledge, management of data, accuracy of expressions, diversity, and so on. we call it ontology which can be processed with machines. We can use the ontology to represent traditional medicine knowledge in structured and systematic way with visualization, then also it can also be used education materials. Hence, the authors developed an Shanghanlun ontology by way of showing an example, so that we suggested a methodology for ontology development and also a model to structure the traditional medical knowledge. And this result can be used for student to learn Shanghanlun by graphical representation of it's knowledge. We analyzed the text of Shanghanlun to construct relational database including it's original text, symptoms and herb formulars. And then we classified the terms following some criterion, confirmed the structure of the ontology to describe semantic relations between the terms, especially we developed the ontology considering visual representation. The ontology developed in this study provides database showing fomulas, herbs, symptoms, the name of diseases and the text written in Shanghanlun. It's easy to retrieve contents by their semantic relations so that it is convenient to search knowledge of Shanghanlun and to learn it. It can display the related concepts by searching terms and provides expanded information with a simple click. It has some limitations such as standardization problems, short coverage of pattern(證), and error in chinese characters input. But we believe this research can be used for basic foundation to make traditional medicine more structural and systematic, to develop application softwares, and also to applied it in Shanghanlun educations.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.107-152
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• 2020

During the main ruling in 2019, a number of rulings that were of interest or meaningful were handed down, such as just because the complication of medical practice has occurred, there is no presumption of negligence, a case involving a fall accident in which a lot of culpability has recently been made. the death of a well-known singer that caused a sensation, a case about damages caused by MERS in 2015, which is more meaningful in connection with damages caused by COVID-19, an infectious disease that has recently hit the world, including Korea. In preaching the principles of the law, just because there has been a complication caused by medical practice, there is no presumption of negligence, 'The scope of the complication without presumption of negligence' was determined differently by the court, the court was not able to specify the criteria. Specific circumstances were presented to limit the responsibility of the medical institution while acknowledging the malpractice of the medical institution in relation to the fall accident. In relation to the scope of damages, judgment was made on issues related to the calculation of lost profits of medical malpractice; criteria for determining celebrities' daily income, criteria for determining daily income in case of receiving survivor's pension due to medical accident, an incident in which the daily income is denied if the labor capacity is already lost at the time of a medical accident. But, it seems that judgments should be made based on clearer and more reasonable standards. Related to Medical Advertise, specific logic of judgment was presented as to whether it was interpreted as being in accordance with the specific prohibition listed in Article 27 paragraph 3 of the Medical Law, which is the criterion for violation of the Medical Law, or if it constitutes a significant harm to the order of the medical market. In response to the prohibition of operating the multiple medical institutions, the Constitutional Court decided that it was constitutional because it did not violate the regulations on excessive funding, and rationally limited the scope of the prohibited 'redundant operation'. The Supreme Court ruled for the first time that even a medical institution established and operated in violation of the Medical Service Act did not make it impossible to receive all medical care benefits implemented by a medical institution under the National Health Insurance Act. Significant rulings were finalized that recognized the existence of specific protection obligations for the people of the country in the management of infectious diseases.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.39-65
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• 2022

There are two aspects of clinical practice guidelines that act as non-legal control before medical practice and as legal control standards after medical practice. The essential purpose of clinical practice guidelines is the former, but the latter action cannot be excluded. The clinical practice guidelines are a means of linking law and medical care. The negative perception of clinical practice guidelines that medical professionals' autonomy can be violated by the enactment of clinical practice guidelines is an excessive negative evaluation of clinical practice guidelines. Rather, judicial judgment based on clinical practice guidelines plays a role in respecting the autonomy of medical professionals. In other words, the clinical practice guidelines suppress legal regulations on medical care as much as possible and are based on doctors' professional ethics and self-discipline, and patient awareness and cooperation. In order to establish an ideal relationship of cooperation between doctors and patients, 'medical ethics' must be incorporated as a legal means. Clinical practice guidelines are the most appropriate means for incorporating such medical ethics into legal procedures. The lawyer solves the case with a legal syllogism that establishes a norm and applies facts to it to conclude. For the resolution of medical disputes, Clinical practice guidelines are used to establish norms that doctors should perform for specific diseases, and conclusions are drawn by applying the established norms to specific medical practices. When it is not easy to apply the established norms to specific medical practices, medical judgments by experts, such as emotions, expert testimony, and explanations by expert members, are used. As such, the Law respects the autonomy of medical care even in the establishment of norms and the application of norms. In particular, Clinical practice guidelines prepared independently by the medical community are referred to in establishing norms, which are the prerequisites for legal syllogism. This shows that doctors participate in the formation of precedents and contribute to the formation of norms. The use of clinical practice guidelines in trials is respect and consideration for the autonomy of medical care. Although there may be an aspect in which the autonomy of individual doctors is limited by clinical practice guidelines, it should be considered that the autonomy of doctors as a group is respected. In this way, the clinical practice guidelines play a role in protecting the autonomy of the "medical" group from the logic of the "law."

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.117-145
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• 2000

Tongmu I Je-ma(1837-1900) set up Sasang Constitutional Medicine(四象體質醫學), a medical theory that would be original in the Korean medical history through his book ${\ll}$Tang-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)${\gg}$. In this book, he writes that he found the clue to his sasang Constitution(四象體質) theory from ${\ll}$Hwangjenaegyong(黃帝內經)${\gg}$. But the main logic that gives shape to the Constitution(體質) theory is $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ theory(性情論) of Confucian. Therefore, Tongmu(東武)'s Constitution $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ theory(體質性情論) is fundamentally based on confucian thoughts. Kongmaeng(孔孟) saw $s{\check{o}}ng$(性) as a base for connecting the entire mankind to be united, and $ch{\check{o}}ng$(情) as a individual thing that can exalted differently according to one's state of mind. Chuja(朱子) weakene the human's active volition by dividing $s{\check{o}}ng$ and $ch{\check{o}}ng$ as ibal(理發) and kibal(氣發) and therefore describing mankind to be submitted to Heaven's will. On the other hand Yolgok(栗谷) generalized $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ in the active mind of man himself by saying that $s{\check{o}}ng$ is when i-ki(理氣) does not act as a bodily function of the mind and $ch{\check{o}}ng$ is when it does. Furthennore he emphasized man's activeness on pursuing good by saying that the division of good and bad does not start from the origin of motion but is divided by the condition of ki(氣) which leads motion. Tongmu, who was influenced by Yulgok linked both $s{\check{o}}ng$and $ch{\check{o}}ng$ through, happiness, anger, sadness, pleasure(喜怒哀樂), and saw $s{\check{o}}ng$ as the ability to recognize good which is in the kijil(氣質) formed from the integration of i-ki, and saw $ch{\check{o}}ng$ as $s{\check{o}}ng$ blurred by man's greed. In addition to this, he says that the direct connection between each person's divergence in $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ and the condition of Four-organ(四臟) which is ki, not the mind which is i(理) forms sasangch'ejirin(四象體質人). His theory that illness comes from the partiality of $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ and therefore can prevent this by clarifying the mind and adjusting $s{\check{o}}ng-ch{\check{o}}ng$ through volition, has led Korean oriental medicine to be human based.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.42-48
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• 2002

The design, construction and performance test of a convenient multi-purpose irradiator is described. A multi-purpose irradiator using Cesium-137 has been developed for studies of low dose radiation effects in biology and for calibration of Thermo Luminescent dosimeter(TLD). During the operation, three rods of radioactive material which are 10cm in length revolve 180 degrees and irradiate biological samples, or TLD, and return to their shielded position, after the programmed time. A programmable Logic Controller(PLC) controls the sequence of operation, interlock, motor rotation and safety system. The rotation speed of biological samples can vary up to 20 RPM. A real time monitoring system was also incorporated to check and control the operation status of the irradiator. The capacity of the irradiation chamber was 4.5 liters. The isodose distribution at arbitrary vertical planes was measured by using film dosimetry. The dose-rate was 0.13 cGy/min in air and 0.11 cGy/min in water equivalent material in the case of Cesium-137. Range of activity was 2 Ci. The homogeneity of dose distribution in the chamber was ${\pm}$7%. The actual radiation level on the surface was within permissible levels. The irradiator had a maximum 0.35 mR/min radiation leakage on its surface.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2003

For the treatment of cancer using computer controlled linear accelerator, it is important to ensure that all equipments are operated properly. Therefore, many studies were performed and published on the safe use of radiotherapy machine controlled by computer logic and microprocessor These studies provided methods of preventing accident from software and hardware failure. In Korea, the use of computer controlled linear accelerator has increased over the past 10 years. However, there are no standard protocols for quality assurance (QA) of linear accelerator. In this study, three QA protocols from America, Japan, and Europe were collected and summarized. In addition, agreement and disagreement among the protocols were analyzed. In conclusion, the QA items included in the protocols were similar among the various QA protocols although there were differences in performance frequencies.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.518-526
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• 2008

The fuzzy self-tuning PID controller is a PID controller with a fuzzy logic mechanism for tuning its gains on-line. In this structure, the proportional, integral and derivative gains are tuned on-line with respect to the change of the output of system under control. This paper deals with two types of fuzzy self-tuning PID controllers, rule-based fuzzy PID controller and learning fuzzy PID controller. As a medical application of fuzzy PID controller, the proposed controllers were implemented and evaluated in a laparoscopic surgery robot system. The proposed fuzzy PID structures maintain similar performance as conventional PID controller, and enhance the position tracking performance over wide range of varying input. For precise approximation, the fuzzy PID controller was realized using the linear reasoning method, a type of product-sum-gravity method. The proposed controllers were compared with conventional PID controller without fuzzy gain tuning and was proved to have better performance in the experiment.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 2009

Objectives : The symptoms of Sleepwalking disorder include getting up, walking, talking, and even eating in one's sleep or sleep-like state. The patients do not realize what they have done. It is accepted that there is no specific treatment for this disorder. Some medications and psychotherapies including hypnotherapy have been used in various situations. In this study, the hypnotherapy was used on a 46-year-old female patient. Method : She had been suffering from insomnia, nightmares, and sleepwalking for over a year. Through hypnotherapy, she was able to express her anger towards people who had hurt her in the past. Also, through regression and trance logic, she was able to reconcile with her mother who had passed away. Result and Conclusion : As a result, her sleepwalking disappeared and other psychological problems such as depression and anxiety were reduced effectively.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2015

The main purpose of image enhancement is to improve certain characteristics of an image to improve its visual quality. This paper proposes a method for image contrast enhancement that can be applied to both medical and natural images. The proposed algorithm is designed to achieve contrast enhancement while also preserving the local image details. To achieve this, the proposed method combines local image contrast preserving dynamic range compression and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE). Global gain parameters for contrast enhancement are inadequate for preserving local image details. Therefore, in the proposed method, in order to preserve local image details, local contrast enhancement at any pixel position is performed based on the corresponding local gain parameter, which is calculated according to the current pixel neighborhood edge density. Different image quality measures are used for evaluating the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides more information about the image details, which can help facilitate further image analysis.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2013

Patients with heart disease need long-term monitoring of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal using a portable electrocardiograph. This trend requires the miniaturization of data storage and faster transmission to medical doctors for diagnosis. The ECG signal needs to be utilized for efficient storage, processing and transmission, and its data must contain the important components for diagnosis, such as the P wave, QRS-complex, and T wave. In this study, we select the vertex which has a larger curvature value than the threshold value for compression. Then, we reconstruct the compressed signal using by radial basis function interpolation. This technique guarantees a lower percentage of root mean square difference with respect to the extracted sample points and preserves all the important features of the ECG signal. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in the experiment using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Boston's Beth Israel Hospital arrhythmia database.