• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.103-118
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• 1994

세주응력을 서로 독립적으로 조절할 수 있는 입방체형삼축시험기를 이용하여 모래시료에 대한 일련의 배수삼축시험이 실시되었다. 그리고 Lade에 의해 제안된 등방단일경화구성모델을 사용하여 입방체형삼축시험시와 동일한 응력경로에 대한 응력-변형률 거동을 해석하였다. 등방단일경화구성모델에 의한 거동 예측치는 초기재하단계(primary loading)시 입방체형삼축시험결과와 좋은 일치를 보이고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 반복재하단계(unloading과 reloading)의 경우 거동예측치는 시험결과와 많은 차이를 보이고 있다. 이것은 등방단일경화구성모델의 소성일경화계수가 시험결과의 경화부분을 근거로 하여 결정되었기 때문에 연화부분에서 많은 오차가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.66-77
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• 2013

경상분지 퇴적암, 사암, 셰일, 이암, 역암 및 응회암 시료 404개를 대상으로 재하-재재하 가압조건으로 포아송비와 체적 변형률 거동을 분석하였다. 하중증가에 따라 포아송비는 증가, 수렴 및 감소거동을 나타내며 증가거동이 월등히 우세하였다. 체적 변형률 거동은 하중 증가에 따라 정상거동, 양의거동 및 음의거동을 나타내고 있으며 정상거동 양상이 매우 우세하였다. 실무에서 사용하중은 매우 낮은데 이 범위에서 포아송비는 매우 높거나 혹은 낮은 값을 표출하는 바, 이의 적용은 현장시료의 실험을 통한 결과값 선택에서 설계조건을 고려하여 선택해야 할 것이다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.359-373
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• 2008

The present parametric study deals with the meso-scale modelling of concrete subjected to cyclic compression, which exhibits hysteresis loops during unloading and reloading. Concrete is idealised as a two-dimensional three-phase composite made of aggregates, mortar and interfacial transition zones (ITZs). The meso-scale modelling approach relies on the hypothesis that the hysteresis loops are caused by localised permanent displacements, which result in nonlinear fracture processes during unloading and reloading. A parametric study is carried out to investigate how aggregate density and size, amount of permanent displacements in the ITZ and the mortar, and the ITZ strength influence the hysteresis loops obtained with the meso-scale modelling approach.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.317-328
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• 2008

When carbon-filled rubber specimens are subjected to cyclic loading, they do not return to their initial state after loading and subsequent unloading, but exhibit a residual strain or permanent deformation. We propose a specific form of the pseudo-elastic energy function to represent cyclic loading for incompressible, isotropic materials with stress softening and residual strain. The essence of the pseudo-elasticity theory is that material behaviour in the primary loading path is described by a common elastic strain energy function, and in unloading, reloading or secondary unloading paths by a different strain energy function. The switch between strain energy functions is controlled by the incorporation of a damage variable into the strain energy function. An extra term is added to describe the permanent deformation. The finite element implementation of the proposed model is presented in this paper. All parameters in the proposed model and elastic law can be easily estimated based on experimental data. The numerical analyses show that the results are in good agreement with experimental data.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.613-628
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• 2016

The effectiveness of the use of modern repair schemes for the seismic retrofit of existing RC structures were assessed on a comparative experimental study of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips and sheets for the repair of reinforced concrete members of RC frames, damaged because of cyclic loading. Two virgin, single - story, one - bay, 1/3 - scale frame specimens were tested under cyclic horizontal loading, up to a drift level of 4%. Then, virgin specimens, B and F, respectively, were repaired and retested in the same way. One, specimen RB, was repaired with epoxy injections and CFRP strips and one, specimen RF, was repaired with epoxy injections and CFRP sheets. The two specimens are used to examine the differences between the structural behavior of frames repaired using CFRP strips and frames repaired using CFRP sheets. Both qualitative and quantitative conclusions, based on the observed maximum loads, loading and reloading stiffness, hysteretic energy absorption and failure mechanisms are presented and compared. The repaired frames recovered their strength, stiffness and energy dissipated reasonably. The use of CFRP sheets was found more effective than CFRP strips, due to the proper anchorage.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.83-102
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• 1994

건조모래의 응력이력에 따른 Ko 값을 관찰하기 위하여 압밀링 형태의 Ko시험기를 새로이 고안하였으며, 이 시험기를 사용하여 수평응력을 측정하였다. 본 실험을 위하여 총 2형태의 단주기 Ko 재하/제하시험이 4종류의 상대밀도에 대하여 수행하였다. 실험결과, 처녀재하 시의 정지토압계수 K.은 모래의 내부마촹각 U'의 함수로서 K.. : 1-0.914sin0'와 같은 관계식을 얻을 수 있었다. 처녀제하 시의 정지토압계수 Kou는 Ko.과 과압밀비(OCR)의 함수로서 Ko.=Ko. (OCR)a으로 표시할 수 있으며, 지수 a는 대체로 상대밀도가 클수록 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 처녀재재하 시의 정지토압계수 Kor은 연직응력 Qv'가 증가함에 따라 쌍곡선 형태로 감소한다. 그리고 처녀재재하 시의 응력경로는 최소제하응력의 크기에 무관하게 최대선행점으로 복귀하며, 이곡선의 기울기 mr은 OCR이 클수로 증가한다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.329-344
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• 1987

과압밀비(過壓密比)와 전단속도(剪斷速度) 및 다짐율(率)이 점성토(粘性土)의 응력변형특성(應力變形特性)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 검토(檢討)하기 위해서 반부극하(反復戟荷)에 의(依)한 삼축압축시험(三軸壓縮試驗)을 한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 반부재하(反復載荷)를 했을 때 같은 변형(變形)에서 축차응력의 차(差)는 큰 변형(變形)에서 반부재하(反復載荷)했을 때 더욱 크게 나타났고 공극수압(空隙水壓)은 제하시(除荷時)에는 감소(減少)하다가 다시 증가(增加)하며 재재하(再載荷)되면서 급격히 증가하는 현상(現象)을 나타냈다. 2. 과압밀비(過壓密比)가 클수록 변형(變形)의 증가(增加)에 따라 회복되는 탄성변형률은 감소(減少)하였으며 제일재하계수(除一載荷係數)는 과압밀비가 증가(增加)할수록 감소(減少)하였다. 3. 전단속도(剪斷速度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 탄성변형율(彈性變形率)은 증가(增加)하였고 변형(變形)의 증가(增加)에 따라 탄성변형율(彈性變形率)은 감소(減少)하였다. 제일재하계수(除一載荷係數)는 변형(變形)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 감소(減少)하였고 전단속도(剪斷速度)가 빠른 경우에 큰 값을 나타냈다. 4. 회복되는 탄성변형율(彈性變形率)은 다짐율이 증가(增加)함에 따라 크게 나타났고 또 변형(變形)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 탄성변형율(彈性變形率)은 약간 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 제일재하계수(除一載荷係數)는 다짐율(率)의 증가(增加)에 따라 뚜렷한 경향(傾向)은 보이지 않았으나 일반적(一般的)으로 변형(變形)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 2004

This paper discusses how steel cord and PVA hybrid fibers enhance the performance of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HPRFCC) in terms of elastic limit, strain hardening response and post peak of the composites. The effect of microfiber(PVA) blending ratio is presented. For this purpose flexure, direct tension and split tension tests were conducted. It was found that HFRCC specimen shows multiple cracking in the area subjected to the greatest bending tensile stress. Uniaxial tensile test confirms the range of tensile strain capacity from 0.5 to $1.5\%$ when hybrid fiber is used. The cyclic loading test results identified a unique unloading and reloading response for this ductile composite. Cyclic loading in tension appears not to affect the tensile response of the material if the uniaxial compressive strength during loading is not exceeded.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.330-344
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• 1996

A model of a cable comprising interacting wires with dry friction forces at the interfaces is subjected to a quasi-static cyclic loading. The first cycle of this process, comprising of axial loading, unloading and reloading is investigated analytically. Explicit load-elongation relationships are obtained for all of the above phases of the cycle. An expression for the hysteretic losses is also obtained in an explicit form. It is shown that losses are proportional to the third power of the amplitude of the oscillating axial force, and are in inverse proportion to the interwire friction forces. The results obtained are used to introduce a model of a cable as a solid rod with an equivalent stiffness and damping properties of the rod material. It is shown that the stiffness of the equivalent rod is weakly nonlinear, whereas the viscous damping coefficient is proportional to the amplitude of the oscillation. Some numerical results illustrating the effect of cable parameters on the losses are given.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2022

Time-dependent stress-strain behaviour significantly influences the compressibility characteristics of the clayey soil. In this paper, a series of oedometer tests were conducted in two loading patterns and investigated the time-dependent compressibility characteristics of Indian Montmorillonite Clay, also known as black cotton soil (BC) soil, during loading-unloading stages. The experimental data are analyzed using a new non-linear function of the Elasto-Visco-Plastic Model considering Swelling behaviour (EVPS model). From the experimental result, it is found that BC soil exhibits significant time-dependent behaviour during creep compared to the swelling stage. Pore water entrance restriction due to consolidated overburden pressure and decrease in cation hydrations are responsible factors. Apart from it, particle sliding is also evident during creep. The time-dependent parameters like strain limit, creep coefficient and C_αe/C_c are observed to be significant during the loading stage than the swelling stage. The relationship between creep coefficients and applied stresses is found to be nonlinear. The creep coefficient increases significantly up to 630 kPa-760 kPa (during reloading), and beyond it, the creep coefficient decreases continuously. Several parameters like loading duration, the magnitude of applied stress, loading history, and loading path have also influenced secondary compressibility characteristics. The time-dependent compressibility characteristics of BC soil are presented and discussed in detail.