• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

Korea Government have carried out various policies to reduce the energy consumption that cause the global warming and environmental pollution. Energy consumption of buildings in Korea has reached 24% of total energy quantities and energy consumption of apartment has been continuously increasing. It has executed the building energy efficiency rating system and energy performance assessments and certification systems have been in force to save energy consumption of buildings. Therefore, this study tried to asset the energy performance of apartment according to the shapes of unit plan, and then to evaluate the energy performance of apartment according to altering balcony area into living area in the unit plan of apartment and thus, to present the effective unit plan to reduce the energy consumption. According to the results, in case of standard unit plan, the 3Bay and 4Bay unit plans showed more effective energy consumption than the 2Bay unit plan, respectively, 5%, 6%, and in case of extended unit plan, respectively, 2%, 5%. Compared the energy efficiencies of the standard unit plan to the extended unit plan, the standard one showed more effective energy consumption than the extended one, respectively, 2% in case of the 2Bay and 4Bay unit, 5% of the 3Bay unit.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.177-194
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• 2008

The purpose of this article was to be offered data for the efficient management of healthy family support center as the deduction of the standard job of healthy family supporter. The process of this study take the major steps as subject selection based on career, investigation about range and contens of healthy family support work and deduction and examination job areas, duty and task. Consequently, the job areas of healthy family supporter are generalization, counseling, education, culture, administrative affairs, taking care of children and taking care of children for family living with a handicapped child. The standards of job analysis are frequency, importance and number of human power. The result and procedure of this article provides the main data and idea for the development of a tool of measurement, ajob analysis and information of the specialty and role of healthy family supporter.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.111-121
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of body type(thin, standard, fat), necktie width(narrow, medium, wide), gender(man, woman) on image formation. Sets of stimulus and response scales(7 point semantic) were used as experimental materials. The stimuli were 9 color pictures manipulated with the combination of necktie-width and body type using computer simulation. The subjects were 116 male undergraduates and 99 female undergraduates living in Gyeongsangnam-do. Image factor of the stimulus was composed of 4 different components, young-activity, attractiveness-gracefulness, stability, and boldness. In the young-activity, attractiveness-gracefulness and stability, body type and necktie-width showed independent effect. In the boldness, body type showed independent effect. Significant interaction effects of body type and necktie-width on young-activity, attractiveness-gracefulness and stability were found. For young-activity image, necktie of narrow width were effective. For attractiveness-gracefulness image, body type of standard were effective. For stability image, body type of standard and body type of thin on necktie of narrow and medium width were effective. The male fashion image can be perceived differently according to combination of the clues used in body type and necktie-width. Therefore, when the male fashion to create images that will have to consider the body type and necktie width.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.07a
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• pp.562-564
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• 2001

Current interior lighting design way that is consisting uniformly by designer's experience or simple capacity calculation diversifies according to standard of living elevation and there is problem that do not reflect been individualising resident's change request in lighting plan, design properly. Therefore, because this resident's request, enough judgment data that is worth reflecting dissatisfaction item in design concretely or standard is not saved up in business post, had gotten into bottleneck at lighting design. Diagnose resident's consciousness and feedback degree about interior lighting to existent apartment complex in this research and examined improvement plan. As a result, in the case of illumination, wanted higher brightness and showed reason that is most Affirmativ about order way of lighting fixtures. The reason is because can select registration nine that want by oneself directly. Plan qualitative elevation of house lighting environment making lighting image which is coincided in our real condition, and is thought to reflect various resident's character, fondness in design and solved dissatis faction.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2013

More than 23% of total nation's energy is consumed by residential building and 57.2% of Korean people are living in apartment. This study was carried out to two kind of process. First, after selecting one standard apartment, our research team investigate realistic energy consumption. Second, using 3-dimension heat transfer tool(TRISCO RADICON) and building energy simulation tool(Visual DOE) As a result, amount of heating and hot-water energy is composed of above 80 percent in standard apartment. And, after applying high performance technologies to standard apartment, namely, after being green home apartment, total energy consumption is reduced by54.6 percent. Also, because of energy consumption characteristics of green home apartment, for making more high performance green home apartment, especially, we have to figure out effective method to reduce electric and hot water energy.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-26
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• 2001

This research is aimed to define how the depression, performing ability of IADL and muscular-skeletal pain of the Aged, according to their residential circumstance, sex and age, can affect the subjective health index and how all these are related and associated with. For the period of June 1 to July 31, 2000, in order to study and define how the depression, performing ability of IADL and muscular-skeletal pain are related to the subjective health index of the Aged, we have conducted an enquete through a direct interview with 693 persons over age sixty-five (65) in Daejon and in other adjacent areas, divided into three different residential types “The Aged living at home”, “The Aged living at welfare facilities” and “The Aged living alone”. We have studied all the data and information obtained through this enquete and have analyzed χ²-test, t-test, ANOVA, analysis of simple correlation, analysis of factor. by SPSS10.0/PC+. The results were as follows: Generally, the four (4) factors depression, IADL performing ability, muscular-skeletal pain and the subjective health index of the Aged, are a lot influenced by and related to their residential circumstance, their sex and their age. With regard to the depression of the Aged by their sex, it was analyzed that, on an average, the female-Aged gains 48.3 point which reflects comparatively the higher points and the female-Aged is more depressed. In analyzing depression of the Aged by their age, it appears that the Aged between eighty (80) to eight-four (84) years of age, gains 49.2 point which is the highest points and simultaneously we could realize that depression follows age, - the more the age gets, the more the depression is increased. In analyzing depression of the Aged by their residential type, it shows that “the Aged living alone” gains 50.9 point and is most depressed. With regard to the IADL performance of the Aged by their sex, it was analyzed that, on an average, the female-Aged gains 23.8 point, which shows the performance of the female-Aged is less independent. In addition, it was also found that the IADL performing ability is becoming less and less independent following their age increasing. In analyzing IADL performance by their residential type, it appears that “the Aged living at welfare facilities” gains the lowest 21.5 point and is least independent. We conclude that some assistances from others are required for the Aged living at welfare facilities in their performing IADL. With regard to the muscular-skeletal pain of the Aged by their sex, it was analyzed that, on an average, the female-Aged gains 3.0 point and the female-Aged suffers from this pain more severely. In analyzing this pain by their residential type, it was found that, on an average, the 3.0 point goes for “the Aged living alone”, which explains the Aged living alone is having the most serious pain. With regard to the subjective heath index of the all Aged participated in this research, the analysis indicates 8.8 point and this is considered as a general standard (7-10 point). In analyzing this index by their sex, the female-Aged gains 8.6 point only and it explains a lot of female-Aged consider they are not really healthy. In analyzing this index by their residential type, “the Aged living at welfare facilities” and “the Aged living alone” gain the comparatively lower point, -respectively 8.4 point for the Aged living at welfare facilities and 8.8 point for the Aged living alone. The Aged of these two residential types express they are obviously in a bad condition of health, which makes us think a lot. With regard to the factors affecting the subjective health index of the Aged, it was analyzed that this index can significantly be influenced by their depression, their pain, their age and by how much they are satisfied with their current living conditions, and also analyzed that the correlative relation certainly exists between the depression and pain, and the subjective health index, - that is, the more the depression and pain are serious, the lower the subjective health index indicates. As for the IADL, it appears that the IADL's relation with this index is not that significant and even not important.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.187-194
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• 2020

When a human being grew older, followed by visually and perceptually impaired, and dementia, it jeopardizes safety and life unless supportive design is secured for a living environment. This supportive space is based on universal design concept which offers safe-oriented, and simple use by incorporating gender and physical/mental limitation. The study of purppose was to examine the appropriateness of barrier-free standard for seniors' living in apartment through IPA. Chi-square analysis found that satisfaction with BF space is lowered as aging is continued and for female group. Regression analysis indicated that sink was the prime predictor in satisfaction, and stair/elevator was the most important variable. IPA concluded that sink, bath, shower/locker and alert/egress were prime BF indexes to be improved among 14 elements, implying careful design in sanitation area for seniors.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.799-825
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study is to provide policy implications for successful development of the metropolitan economic zone in Korea followed by in-depth case studies on the US Metropolitan Economic Region. This study looked into diverse experiences of the US mega regions investigating their key strategies, requirements and standards, etc. Urban areas in the US are designated based on CBSA, a standard for statistical area since 1950. The US has a clear standard to define rural and suburban area and is trying to reflect urban structural changes including suburbanization. The US annexation system is relatively simple to operate. Furthermore, the system helps the growth of rural areas by gradually incorporating rural areas into urban areas. We found that action plans of the US mega regions facilitate strategic growth and development for balanced territorial development, incorporating multi-dimensional and comprehensive approaches. We also found that the US mega regions are designated with regard to the local natures. Couple of policy implications were extracted from the US experiences. First, since the construction of mega regions in Korea concerns less on the inter-regional connections with other regions, we need to incorporate diverse standards to divide the regions with respect to the spatial and local characteristics. Second, local governments should collaborate with each other for successful economic development of the metropolitan economic zones. Administrative districts renovation can be a immediate and effective solution to facilitate the collaboration. We recommended to consider consolidating administrative areas to construct successful metropolitan economic zones.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.73-87
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• 1981

Generation of Solid Wastes grew rapidly with the increase of living standard of the people in Korea recently and their composition was more complicate. The weight of Solid wastes generated in Seoul into year of 1979 was about 420 million tons which required 1.5 million $m^2$ of burial land and daily generation for person was 1.6kg. The Composition of more than 80% ash contents was suitable for sanitary landfill but recently ash was decreasing while paper, synthetic materials, glass etc, increasing and alternative method had to be found to dispose the wastes properly. Weight and Composition of Wastes by season and living standard were surveyed for one year from June 1980 to May 1981 in Seoul. Disposal mathods by waste composition was studied. Results were summarized as follows: 1) Each component stored separately at generation point was to be collected and to be reused or disposed by public organization or private company. Some incentives have to be arranged. 2) Wastes collected from household were transfeted to about 420 temporally storing places and transported to two dumping areas by about 700, 4-8 tons trucks which droped litters on the streets. Large dumping lots should constructed along the western coasts and the wastes would be transported through big container trucks or trains to the lots. 3) Ash contents decreased to 40-70% while garbage, synthetic materials, paper increased and they are two to three times in summer of those in winter. Ash in affluent residential areas is less than 50% of whole wastes while that in poor apartment and residential areas is 60-70%. 4) Large dumping places should be constructed along the western coasts which are not far from Seoul because no suitalbe lands are available, and proper leakage protection arrangements should be made.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to identify the supply status and planning trend of North Korean housing through analysis on the North Korean architecture specialized media data. The flat composition is changing and the living room is becoming the center of the houses. Also, in the urban areas, the standard apartment type is four apartments in a row and the plan form is getting diversified into circle type, Y type, and irregular type. On the other hand, in the rural areas, two houses in a row and single house are typical and the change in planning scale and space structure are not substantial. Since the 2000s, design changes have been made to emphasize the third dimensional structure of buildings such as the elliptical houses and L-shaped houses. Furthermore, 8~10 households are located on one floor which leads to the tendency of the building enlargement. In terms of house size, a square concept was introduced to replace the initial 2~3 room concept and the basic module of the room planning the 3 room house based on $3m{\times}3m$. However, there seems to be no standard house size, and the house size may differ depending on the social classandregion. In the early 1980s, when there was focus on the apartment complex construction, the high-rise apartment buildings of 30~40 floors was planned. However, during the Pyongyang redevelopment project, apartments of more or less than 10 floors were built and row-houses of more or less than 4 floors were built. In terms of the complex scale, a lot of small complexes of around 300 households are emerging after 2010. The construction projects are mainly limited to specific regions such as Pyongyang and Samjiyeon, and also limited to specific classes such as the workers and soldiers initially and the scientists lately. In addition, living boundary composition and ancillary facilities for sufficient green area ratio securement and the people of North Korea are maintained consistently. In recent years, the specialized floor planning such as solar house and the house for the disabled people, framework houses for redevelopment business, and multi-storied house construction technology are also emerging.