• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Zn and Fe levels on lipid metabolism and micromineral contents in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Male sprague-dawley rats weighing approximately 100g were fed a normal or high fat diet. After 10 weeks high fat diet, rats were fed different levels of Zn and Fe. Serum triacyglycerol and HDL-cholesterol were affected to Zn and Fe levels in normal group. The micromineral (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) contents in liver were significantly different in high fat diet group by Zn intake levels and in normal diet group by Fe intake levels. However, micromineral contents in kidneys were not affected to different levels of Fe in both obese and normal rats. There were no differences in spleens of obese rats fed high fat diet according to Zn and Fe intake levels. But in normal group, Mn content of spleen were exclusively affected to Zn levels.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.432-442
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• 2013

In this study, we examined the biological activity and synergistic effects of an extract powder of 1% and 3%, each fresh (FGP) and black garlic (BGP) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Blood glucose content was significantly lower in FGP and BGP groups than control group. Glycosylated Hb was significantly higher in streptozotocin induced diabetic control group than normal group, but significantly lower in FGP and BGP groups. Total cholesterol content of the FGP and BGP groups were lower than control group, but not shown the significant difference between garlic fed groups. HDL-cholesterol concentrations of the FGP and BGP fed groups were significantly higher than control group, except of 1% BGP group. LDL and VLDL-cholesterol contents were significantly lower in 3% FGP group, and the same tendency atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor. GOT, GPT, and ${\gamma}$-GTP activity of serum were lower in FGP and BGP fed groups than control group. Glycogen contents in liver significantly higher than control group, and has not significantly difference between normal group. TBARS content was no significantly difference in the liver and serum, but in the kidney, 3% FPG and BGP fed groups were significantly lower than other experimental group. DPPH radical scavenging activity of liver has not significant difference among experimental groups, but activity was higher garlic extract powder fed groups in serum and kidney. These results indicate that dietary supplements of fresh and black garlic extract powder was contributed to lower of blood glucose, loss prevention of glycogen in liver and improve of lipid metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1548-1555
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• 2011

Persimmons are shown to contain high levels of phenolics. The present study was designed to investigate if a sweet persimmon wine (SPW) would affect the development of alcoholic fatty liver in rats. Initially, male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed singly in stainless steel wire-bottomed cages in a room of controlled temperature and lighting. The rats had free access to a nutritionally adequate AIN-93G diet and deionized water. After the acclimatization period, rats were weight-matched and assigned to the following three groups: two groups were fed 6.7% ethanol or the caloric equivalent of maltose-dextrin in a Lieber-DeCarli diet and the other group was fed the isocaloric Lieber-DeCarli diet containing SPW at the same ethanol level. All three groups were fed their respective diets for 6 weeks. Serum transaminase, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured. Liver lipids and histology were assessed at 6 weeks. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of SPW were determined. SPW significantly increased antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. As markers of liver injury, serum alanine and aspartate transminases were markedly lowered by SPW at 6 weeks. SPW significantly reduced the serum levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared to ethanol treatment. SPW delayed the development of an alcoholic fatty liver by reversing fat accumulation in the liver, as evidenced in histological observations. Taken together, SPW seems to protect the liver from becoming fatty by alleviating fatty liver symptoms and lowering hepatic and serum lipid levels. Such a protective effect of SPW appears to be in part due to its phenolics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1119-1125
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• 2004

The effect of hemicellulose extracted from soy fiber on the level of blood glucose and serum cholesterol in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat were investigated. The experimental plots were divided to cellulose group (control, 0.5％ hemicellulose group (H-l) and 1％ hemicellulose group (H-2) group. The groups were fed for 6 weeks, then fed for 1 week more after streptozotocin injection. Food intakes, weight gain and food efficiency ratio of H-2 group were higher, while water intakes and liver weight were lower than those of control and H-l group. The content of blood glucose and urine glucose were 212.8 mg/dL, 0.97 mg/dL in the control group, 160.5 mg/dL, 0.53 mg/dL in the H-l group, 141.0 mg/dL, 0.35 mg/dL in the H-2 group, respectively. There was no significantly difference in the content of neutral lipid, while the content of total serum cholesterol was 101.6 mg/dL in the control group, 73.8-78.4 mg/dL in the hemicellulose groups. The content of serum HDL-cholesterol in the all experimental groups showed no significantly difference showing 39.8-44.7 mg/dL. HTR and atherogenic index were 0.44 and 1.27 in the control group, but 0.54 and 0.46-0.85 in the hemicellulose groups, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the proper inclusion levels of squid liver powder (SLP) and dehulled soybean meal (DHSM) as a fish meal (FM) replacement in the diets for olive flounders. All the experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein, CP) and isocaloric (17.1 kJ energy $g^{-1}$ diet). Four diet were formulation of FM with SLP (DHSM) were tested at 0, 25, 50, 75% (SLP(DHSM)$_0$, SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$, SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$, respectively). Triplicate groups of 12 fish with an average body weight of 5.56$\pm$0.1 g (mean$\pm$S.D.) were fed one of three experimental diets for 7 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and the specific growth rate(SGR) of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_0$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$ diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ diets (P<0.05). Also, WG and SGR of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ had significantly higher WG and SGR than that of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ (P<0.05). The feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_0$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$ were significantly higher than those fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ (P<0.05). The whole-body crude lipid content of fish SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ was significantly higher than that of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in whole-body moisture, crude protein and crude ash of fish fed all diets. Based on these growth performance results, the SLP(DHSM) combination replace up to 25% FM protein by the ANOVA test in juvenile olive flounder diets.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.314-319
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• 2010

This study determined the proper inclusion levels of squid liver powder (SLP) - soy protein concentrate (SPC) premix as a fish meal (FM) substitute in the diet for juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). All the experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.1 kJ energy $g^{-1}$ diet). Five diets were formulated with SLP-(SPC) replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the FM (SLP $(SPC)_0$, SLP $(SPC)_25$, SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$, and SLP $(SPC)_100$, respectively). Triplicate groups of 12 fish averaging $5.56{\pm}0.10\;g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were fed one of the five experimental diets for 7 weeks. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$ and SLP $(SPC)_100$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ and SLP $(SPC)_25$ were similar. The whole-body crude protein content of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$, and SLP$(SPC)_100$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ and SLP $(SPC)_25$ were similar. The whole-body crude lipid of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$ and SLP $(SPC)_75$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$, SLP $(SPC)_25$ and SLP $(SPC)_100$ were similar. Based on the fish growth performance results obtained from this study, the SLP (SPC) premix can substitute up to 25% of the FM in the diets of juvenile olive flounder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.627-633
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• 1995

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of various dietary vitamin $B_6$ levels on conversion from linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in various tissues in growing chicks. Growing chicks were fed the purified diet containing 7% safflower oil with different levels of vitamin $B_6$ (0, 4, 8, 40, 80 mg per kg diet) for 14 days. Feed intake and weight gain in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet were markedly depressed. Esterified and free cholesterol concentrations in serum were significantly higher, while the serum triglyceride concentration was significantly lover in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet compared to that fed diets with vitamin $B_6$. The liver triglyceride content was also lower in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet. The liver and serum cholesterol ester fractions in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet showed higher rate of $C_{18:2n6}$ and lower rates of $C_{18:3n6}$, $C_{20:3n6}$ and $C_{20:4n6}$ as compared with vitamin $B_6$ fed groups. In serum phospholipid fraction of chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet, rates of $C_{20:3n6}$ and $C_{20:4n6}$ were markedly lower. As dietary vitamin $B_6$ level was increased, the rate of $C_{20:4n6}$ was slightly increased, although it was statistically not significant. The fatty acid compositions of adipose tissue showed almost the same pattern as those in liver and serum. This result suggests that the desaturation of $C_{18:2n6}$ to $C_{18:3n6}$, elongation to $C_{20:3n6}$ or both steps might be impaired by vitamin $B_6$ deficiency in growing chicks.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.160-168
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• 2016

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-characterized medicinal herb listed in the classic oriental herbal dictionary as "Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyung." Ginseng has diverse pharmacologic and therapeutic properties. Black ginseng (BG, Ginseng Radix nigra) is produced by repeatedly steaming fresh ginseng nine times. Studies of BG have shown that prolonged heat treatment enhances the antioxidant activity with increased radical scavenging activity. Several recent studies have showed the effects of BG on increased lipid profiles in mice. In this study report the effects of water and ethanol extracts of BG on hypercholesterolemia in rats. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an effect has been reported. Methods: Experiments were conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with the water and ethanol extracts of BG (200 mg/kg). Their blood cholesterol levels, serum white blood cell levels, and cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were determined. Liver and adipose tissues were histologically analyzed. Results: We found that BG extracts efficiently reduced the total serum cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with increased food efficiency ratio and increased number of neutrophil cells. It also attenuated the key genes responsible for lipogenesis, that is, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, at the mRNA level inside liver cells. Furthermore, the BG extract also reduced the accumulation of fat in adipose tissues, and inhibited the neutral fat content in liver cells stained with hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O. Conclusion: Administration of BG extracts to Sprague Dawley rats fed with high-cholesterol diet ameliorated hypercholesterolemia, which was mediated via modulation of cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes. This data throw a light on BG's cardioprotective effects.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate of hepatoprotective effect of dandelion water extract (DWE) according to repeated administration of thioacetamide (TAA) induced hepatotoxicity in Spraque-Dawley rats. Thirty rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups; normal control, DWE-control, TAA-control (TAA injection during the feeding of normal diet), TAA&DWE600 (TAA repeated injection during the feeding of DWE 600 mg/kg BW), TAA&DWE1200 (TAA repeated injection during the feeding of DWE 1,200 mg/kg BW). Rats in DWE-control and TAA&DWE groups were treated with DWE (600 or 1,200 mg/kg BW daily) by gavage for 20 days (twice a day). All the rats in the TAA-control and TAA&DWE groups were repeated injection of TAA (100 mg/kg BW) into the abdominal cavity 3 days interval and 12 hrs later, all rats were sacrificed. At the same time, normal control and DWE-control groups were injected normal saline. In TAA&DWE groups, serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST) were significantly decreased and triglyceride (TG) synthesis was significantly increased compared to TAA group. As well as total billilubin and GGT were slightly decreased by the treatment of DWE. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) concentration was significantly decreased and hepatic GSH content was slightly or significantly increased in the TAA&DWE groups compared to TAA group. Hepatic anti-oxidative enzyme activities, such as GSH, GST, SOD and catalase were slightly or significantly elevated by the treatment of DWE. According to these results, When dandelion extract was long term supplied, it could be used as a potential protective material for a longer time liver damage by repeated adminstration of the TAA.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.445-453
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• 1994

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were cultured with different levels of carotenoids in odor to investigate the feeding effect of ascidian tunic extracts on the liver fatty acid compositions of them. Dominant monoenoic fatty acids of the ascidian tunic extracts were 16:1n-7($5.9\%$), 18:1n-9($21.9\%$), and 18:1n-7($3.5\%$) and polyenoic fatty acids of them were linoleic(18:2n-6, $14.2\%$), eicosapentaenoic(20:5n-3, $3.5\%$), and docosahexaenoic acid(22:6n-3, $8.3\%$). The compositions of fatty acid in the liver lipids were affected by the tunic extract levels during the feeding. The percentage of monoenoic acids in extract diets was decreased, and that of n-3PUFA was increased during feeding 2 weeks. But the n-3PUFA contents were decreased in 4 weeks. The 20:4n-6 content in rainbow trout fed extract diet was higher than that in the control and pink diet groups. The rainbow trout fed with ascidian tunic extracts showed an increase of essential fatty acids in the fish tissue, compared to the control or pink diet feeding groups.