• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1977

The survey on the sanitary conditions to the water supply facilities, privy facilities and disposal methods of human excreta in Sindong area of Choonseung-gun, Kangwon Province was carried out during 7 months from May to November, 1976. The results of the survey are as follows. 1) The pump-wells are used in the 1,185 households as 66.7% of 1,775 and are almost private. 2) The materials of drainage floors and drainage are almost cement, and the drainages are good condition. 3) Most parts of dug-wells have been used beyond 9 years after installation, and disinfection of water has not been carried out in the case of 68.1% of total wells. 4) Objectives of water use to the number of households as 60.2% are drinking, kitchen and cleaning. 5) Water consumption per capita day is estimated to be about 22.7% litters. 6) 1,521 households as 85.7% of total 1,775 possess their private privies and the numbers as 80.6% of the private privies are located outside the houses. 7) The privies are needed to be improved much more in the view point of excreting to the ashpile instead of the septic tank in the case of 39.2% of total households. 8) Human excreta as manure are used to the field in the number of households as 82.4 of total 1,316.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.215-219
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• 2011

Acyl-CoA synthetase 4(ACSL4) is an arachidonate-preferring enzyme abundant in steroidogenic tissues and postulated to modulate eicosanoid production. The human and mouse ACSL4 gene are mapped on chromosome X. The female mice heterozygous for ACSL4 deficiency became pregnant less frequent1y and produced small litters, with 40% of embryos surviving gestation. In this study, we examined the regulation of ACS4 by estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone (P4) in the human endometrial cancer cell line HTB-1B. ACSL4 mRNA was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Also, expression of ACSL4 gene was up-regulated in a time-dependent manner in HTB-1B cells. However, combined treatment with progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ modestly decreased the levels of ACS4L mRNA as compared with the estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone respectively. Overall, these results suggest that the ACSL4 gene is regulated by progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ in the HTB-1B cells.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.92-96
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• 1984

This study was carried out ot examine the sex ratios of offspring in swine. The sex ratios were obtained on the basis of the data from 15,892 pigs produced by 1,728 litters of Landrace, Large Yorkshire, Hampshire and Duroc breeds at National Animal Breeding Institute from 1975 to 1980. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The sex ratio of total offspring was 51.47% for male and significant at 5% level, and Landrace and Duroc breeds were 51.46% and 52.27% for male and significant at 5% level, respectively, but no significant difference between the breeds. 2. The sex ratio of offspring by years was 52.74% for male and significant at 5% level in 1979, but no significant difference for other years and between years. 3. The sex ratio of offspring by seasons were a little highly 51.65% and 51.25%, for male in spring and autumn, but no significant difference, respectively. 4. The sex ratio of offspring by parities were 52.65% and 55.81% for male in groups of the 3rd to 4th and the 5th to 6th parity, and significant difference at 5% and 1% level, respectively. 5. The sex ratio of offspring by groups of litter size was 52.65% for male in 1 to 6 heads group, and significant difference at 5% level, but no significant difference between groups of litter size.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2010

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of the breed, sire-breeds, farrowing year, farrowing season and parity on number of born alive (NBA), number of weaning (NW) and survival rates of weaning (SRW) in swine. The data were obtained from 46,704 litters of the Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc and Cross breed farrowed from 1996 to 2005 at 142 GP are registered in Korean Animal Improvement Association (KAIA). There was highly significant effect of breed, sire breed, farrowing year, farrowing season and parity on NBA, NW, SRW (p<0.01). The result of this study could be available to genetic improvement of reproductive traits as a basic reference in Korean pig industry. To achieve the more effective improvement of reproductive traits, additional research such as genetic parameter evaluation should be performed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1435-1439
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of creep feed with different energy densities on litter performance. A total of 30 sows (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) and their litters were randomly assigned with 1, 2, or 3+parities into 1 of 3 treatments (10 sows). Dietary treatments were: i) CON (no creep feed), ii) LE (creep feed (DE 4,000 kcal/kg) from 5 d of age until weaning (21 d)), and iii) HE (creep feed (DE 5,000 kcal/kg) from 5 d of age until weaning). Each piglet was weighed at d 5, 10, 15, 21 (weaning), and d 7 postweaning to determine ADG. Creep feeding reduced concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol compared with those in CON group (p<0.05). Creep feeding reduced (p<0.05) the weaning-to-oestrus interval in sows. Piglets in the HE groups evidenced greater ADG (p = 0.024) and ADFI (p = 0.001) post-weaning than those in CON treatments. Creep feeding decreased (p<0.05) the suckling time of piglet in this study. In conclusion, creep feeding increased growth and feed intake of pigs after weaning. It can decrease the oestrus interval of sows. There was no difference between providing a high energy or a low energy creep fed diet to the piglets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1386-1392
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• 2011

The aim of the present work was to study the effects of a polyherbal supplement on cross bred does, starting from the last month of pregnancy to weaning, on milk yield, kid birth weight and growth rate. Thirty does were divided into three treatments of ten each in individual pens: low level supplementation (LS), high level supplementation (HS) and non-supplemented treatment (NS) as control. Low supplemented goats were given 125 mg/kg BW/d of polyherbal combination; high supplemented goats were given 250 mg/kg BW/d. The study was carried out in 2008. Fifty-nine kids were born from all the experimental animals. There was no difference on milk yield between supplemented groups and control (p>0.05), although polyherbal supplementation had positive effect on litter birth weight and growth rate compared to control. Weaning weights were higher (p<0.001) in LS and HS compared to NS does. In both supplemented treatments compared to control, mortalities and morbidities were also lower in kids born. It is concluded that pre-partum to weaning supplementation increases kids growth rates and weaning weights, as well as reduces kid mortalities, but it doesn't have significant effect on milk production.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.293-297
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• 2014

Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease prevalent in pig-growing areas worldwide. In total, 518 gilt and sow serum samples and 14 litters (66 samples) of aborted fetuses from 37 farms (average of 14 serum samples per farm) in Gyeongbuk Province were collected between September 2010 and May 2011. All samples were examined for antibodies to swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1 and H3N2 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The seropositive rates of gilt and sows were 59.8% (310/518) for SIV H1N1, 78.8% (408/518) for H3N2, and 55.6% (288/518) for both subtypes tested. The rate of aborted fetuses was 13.6% (9/66) for H1N1, 9.1% (6/66) for H3N2, and 9.1% for both subtypes. The seroprevalence for H1N1 in gilts and sows was 46.6% (69/148) and 65.1% (241/370), respectively, and that for H3N2 was 78.4% (116/148) and 78.9% (292/370), respectively.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2009

The effects of the processing mixture of pig manure and various organic wastes on the growth, cast production of earthworm, and conversion of organic matter to earthworm tissues by vermicomposting. The substances used in this experiments were sawdust, rice hull, coffee waste, brewery waste, litters, turfgrass cutting residues, rice bran, vegetable wastes and rice straw and were mixed with pig manure at a ratios of 50:50 (v/v), and pig manure 100% (control), respectively. The highest values of growth parameters, cast production and conversion efficiency of organic matter to earthworm tissues were obtained at the mixtures of pig manure with coffee waste, it may due to the favourable diet conditions to process with pig manure by vermicomposting. But, all of the earthworm died in the pig manure 100% (control) and pig manure with vegetable wastes treatments by vermicomposting was impossible in this experiment. The vermicast contained a higher values of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity than their parent materials with increased availability of nutrients and improved physicochemical properties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1060-1064
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• 2016

With regard to animal welfare concerns, behavioral information of weaned and mixed piglets is great interest in swine production. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the change in behavior of weaned piglets over time in two different groups (littermates and piglets from different litters) after mixing. Two weaned groups of piglets (72 individuals in all) housed either with littermates or with foreign piglets (6 individuals in $1.8m{\times}1.4m$ pens, $28^{\circ}C{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ temperature) were observed with the aid of video technology for 9 consecutive hours on days 1, 2, and 3 after mixing. The behaviors of the weaned piglets in the control and treatment groups were significantly different among the days after mixing. Piglets were, however, more active and aggressive in the groups with foreign piglets. This study reveals a lower level of agonistic behavior in groups of piglets that came from the same litter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.440-452
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• 2007

The low feed intake immediately after weaning is responsible for villous atrophy and reduced growth rate in newly-weaned pigs. Overcoming this drawback will produce beneficial results for swine producers, and this warrants an understanding of the factors affecting the feed intake in newly-weaned pigs. In fact, a plethora of factors exert influences on feed intake in newly-weaned pigs, and these factors encompass health status, creep feeding, weaning age, mixing of litters, environment, dietary nutrient level and balance, palatability of ingredients, forms of diet presentation, water supply and quality, and stockmanship. Due to the complexity of the factors that affect the feed intake of weaned pigs, a comprehensive approach should be adopted to overcome the low feed intake problem right after weaning. It warrants mention that it is almost impossible to completely restore the feed intake just after weaning to pre-weaning level in terms of energy intake through dietary means which are available for being practiced economically and/or technically in current swine production. However, a refined dietary regime will certainly alleviate the low feed intake problem in the immediate postweaning period.