• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.121-131
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• 2009

In an effort to better understand the physiological and ecological differences between warm and cold water copepod species in Korean waters using lipid contents and compositions, two species of copepods (Pleuromamma sp. as a warm water species and Neocalanus plumchrus as a cold water species) were collected from the Northwest Pacific and East Sea/Sea of Japan, respectively. The cold water species showed two fold higher lipid contents than the warm water species (11% vs. 5% of dry weight). Wax esters, known as one of the major storage lipid classes, were found to be the dominant lipid class (accounting for 64% of total lipids) in the cold water species, whereas, in the warm water species, phospholipids, which are known as membrane components, were the dominant lipid class (accounting for 43% of total lipids),with a trace amount of the storage lipids as a form of triacylglycerols (${\leq}1%$ of total lipids). With regard to the fatty acid compositions, saturated fatty acids (SAFA), especially 16:0 (about 30% of total fatty acids), were most abundant in the warm water species, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA : 20:5(n-3)) (${\geq}16%$ of total fatty acids), were most abundant in the cold water species. Among the neutral fraction of lipids, phytol, originating from the side chain of chlorophyll and indicative of active feeding on phytoplankton, was detected only in the warm water species. Significant quantities of fatty alcohols were detected in cold water species, particularly long-chain monounsaturated fatty alcohols (i.e. 20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-11)), which are well known to abound in cold water herbivorous copepods. However, only trace amounts of short-chain fatty alcohols were detected in the warm water species. Twelve different kinds of sterols were detected in these copepod species, with cholest-5-en-$3{\beta}$-ol (cholesterol) and cholesta-5, 24-dien-$3{\beta}$-ol (desmosterol) dominating in cold and warm water species, respectively. In addition, for the warm water species (Pleuromamma sp.), we assessed the latitudinal gradients of lipid contents and compositions using samples from three different latitudinal regions (Philippine EEZ, Japan EEZ, and the East China Sea). Although no latitudinal gradients of lipid contents were detected, the lipid compositions, particularly dietary fatty acid markers, varied significantly with the latitude. The findings of this study confirm that the distribution of lipid contents and compositions in copepods may not only indicate their nutritional condition and diet history, but may also provide insights into their living strategies under different environmental conditions (i.e., water temperature, food availability).

• ALGAE
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.391-401
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• 2016

To develop an easy and rapid method of quantifying lipid contents of marine dinoflagellates, we quantified lipid contents of common dinoflagellate species using a colorimetric method based on the sulpho-phospho-vanillin reaction. In this method, the optical density measured using a spectrophotometer was significantly positively correlated with the known lipid content of a standard oil (Canola oil). When using this method, the lipid content of each of the dinoflagellates Alexandrium minutum, Prorocentrum micans, P. minimum, and Lingulodinium polyedrum was also significantly positively correlated with the optical density and equivalent intensity of color. Thus, when comparing the color intensity or the optical density of a sample of a microalgal species with known color intensities or optical density, the lipid content of the target species could be rapidly quantified. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity tests showed that only $1-3{\times}10^5cells$ of P. minimum and A. minutum, $10^4cells$ of P. micans, and $10^3cells$ of L. polyedrum (approximately 1-5 mL of dense cultures) were needed to determine the lipid content per cell. When the lipid content per cell of 9 dinoflagellates, a diatom, and a chlorophyte was analyzed using this method, the lipid content per cell of these microalgae, with the exception of the diatom, were significantly positively correlated with cell size, however, volume specific lipid content per cell was negatively correlated with cell size. Thus, this sulpho-phospho-vanillin method is an easy and rapid method of quantifying the lipid content of autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic dinoflagellate species.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.152-163
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• 2005

Lipid peroxidation is a primary cause of quality deterioration in meat and meat products. Free radical chain reaction is the mechanism of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxyl radical are the major initiators of the chain reaction. Lipid peroxyl radical and alkoxyl radical formed from the initial reactions are also capable of abstracting a hydrogen atom from lipid molecules to initiate the chain reaction and propagating the chain reaction. Much attention has been paid to the role of iron as a primary catalyst of lipid peroxidation. Especially, heme proteins such as myoglobin and hemoglobin and "free" iron have been regarded as major catalysts for initiation, and iron-oxygen complexes (ferryl and perferryl radical) are even considered as initiators of lipid peroxidation in meat and meat products. Yet, which iron type and how iron is involved in lipid peroxidation in meat are still debatable. This review is focused on the potential roles of ROS and iron as primary initiators and a major catalyst, respectively, on the development of lipid peroxidation in meat and meat products. Effects of various other factors such as meat species, muscle type, fat content, oxygen availability, cooking, storage temperature, the presence of salt that affect lipid peroxidation in meat and meat products are also discussed.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.128-132
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• 2017

Streptozotocin (STZ), bisphenol A (BPA), and diethylstilbestrol (DES) are known as endocrine disruptors, occurs oxidative stress in animal cells. Generally, oxidative stress induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation of sperm and lead to decreased viability and fertility in pigs. Therefore, we investigated the influence of STZ, BPA and DES on ROS production and lipid peroxidation on boar sperm. Collected sperm were incubated with semen extender containing $10{\mu}M\;STZ$, $10{\mu}M\;BPA$ and $20{\mu}M\;DES$ for 3, 6 and 9 hours. Intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation of sperm were analyzed by 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and malondialdehyde methods. The results show that, intracellular ROS was not significantly different among the all treatments, but lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in STZ group at 3 hour after incubation with boar sperm (P<0.05). These results suggest that STZ stimulates lipid peroxidation more than ROS production and may exert a negative effect on sperm fertility.

• 한국축산식품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국축산식품학회 2003년도 제31차 춘계 학술대회
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• pp.1-14
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• 2003

Lipid oxidation is one of the most important non-microbial causes of meat quality deterioration. However, there have been different/conflicting views concerning the primary catalysts of lipid oxidation in meat. This presentation provides brief overviews of lipid oxidation mechanism in general and catalysis of lipid oxidation in meat, and then focuses on inter-species differences in lipid oxidation potential, using results from our studies on meats (beef, pork and chicken) at retail and the respective meats of uniform postmortem history. The inter-species differences have highlighted the relative roles of meat pigment (myoglobin) content, catalase activity, and the concentration of oxidation substrates (particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids) in determining the lipid oxidation potential of raw meat versus cooked meat.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 1990

In order to elucidate the mechanism of the leaf-burning disease of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), the relationships between thylakoid membrane peroxidation and chlorophyll bleaching were investigated in comparison with the ones of soybean (Glycine max L). When I measured the rate of lipid peroxidation in the thylakoids of ginseng and soybean by irradiation of light(60 w.m-2), it was identified that, the remarkably lower rate of lipid peroxidation was found in the ginseng thylakoid than the case of soybean. When lipid peroxidation of ginseng thylakoid was induced in the dark, chlorophyll contents of thylakoid was not changed. The results suggest that lipid peroxidation does not affect the chlorophyll bleaching in ginseng thylakoid. Thylakoid membrane peroxidation as well as chlorophyll bleaching was closely related with photosynthetic electron transport. But, according to the quenching experiment active oxygen species induced lipid peroxidation may be different species in the case of chlorophyll bleaching.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.60-67
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• 1984

한국산(韓國産) 단풍나무속(屬) 6개(個) 수종(樹種)의 심재내(心材內) 지질(脂質)을 추출(抽出)하여 Thin Layer Chromatography에 의한 방법(方法)으로 종(種)을 식별(識別)하였으며, 정색반응(呈色反應)의 특징(特徵)으로 유연관계(類緣關係)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하연 다음과 같다. 1) 6개(個) 수종(樹種) 심재(心材)의 지질함량(脂質含量)은 유리암질(遊離暗質)이 평균(平均) 2.85%, 결합지질(結合脂質)이 1.54%이었으며, 전지질(全脂質)은 4.39%이었다. 2) TLC 정색반응(呈色反應) 특징(特徵)에 의해서 단풍나무속(屬) 6개(個) 수종(樹種) ; 신나무, 고로쇠나무, 네군도단풍, 단풍나무, 은단풍, 복자기를 식별(識別)할 수 있었으며, 정색반응(呈色反應)에 의한 유연관계(類緣關係)를 보면 단풍나무와 복자기가 근연(近緣)임을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.399-408
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• 2018

A lipidomic study on extensive plasma lipids in bacterial peritonitis (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP)-induced sepsis in mice was done at 24 h post-CLP. The effects of administration of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), compounds known to have beneficial effects in CLP, on the sepsis-induced plasma lipid changes were also examined. Among the 147 plasma lipid species from 13 lipid subgroups (fatty acid [FA], LPA, LPC, lysophosphatidylethanolamine [LPE], phosphatidic acid [PA], phosphatidylcholine [PC], phosphatidylethanolamine [PE], phosphatidylinositol [PI], monoacylglyceride [MG], diacylglyceride [DG], triacylglyceride [TG], sphingomyelin [SM], and ceramide [Cer]) analyzed in this study, 40 and 70 species were increased, and decreased, respectively, in the CLP mice. Treatments with LPC and LPA affected 14 species from 7 subgroups, and 25 species from 9 subgroups, respectively. These results could contribute to finding the much needed reliable biomarkers of sepsis.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권spc3호
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• pp.349-358
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• 2011

In order to ascertain latitudinal variation of lipid contents and compositions in copepods, we collected warm water copepod species (Euchaeta sp. and Pleuromamma spp.) from four different regions from low (sub-tropical) to mid (temperate) latitudes in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Total lipid contents of Pleuromamma spp. were about 11 $ug{\cdot}ind^{-1}$ with little latitudinal variation, whereas Euchaeta sp. showed slightly higher lipid content (20 $ug{\cdot}ind^{-1}$) than Pleuromamma spp. with latitudinal gradient (low at subtropic and high at temperate). Wax esters, known as the major storage lipid classes, were found to be the dominant lipid classes (accounting for more than 35% of total lipids) in Euchaeta sp., whereas in Pleuromamma spp., phospholipids, known as cellular membrane components, were the dominant lipid classes. However, the exception was specimens from warm pool region exhibiting dominance in storage of lipids as a form of triacylglycerols. Among fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA : 22:6(n-3)) (about 35% of total fatty acids), were most abundant in Euchaeta sp., while saturated fatty acids (SAFA), specially hexadecanoic acid (16:0) (about 30% of total fatty acids), were most abundant in Pleuromamma spp.. Among the neutral fraction of lipids, phytol, originated from the side chain of chlorophyll, was found in all samples which generally indicate active copepods feeding on algae. While only trace amounts of short-chain fatty alcohols were found in Pleuromamma spp., significant amounts of fatty alcohols were found in Euchaeta sp.. Particularly, significant amounts of long chain monounsaturated fatty alcohols (20:1 and 22:1), generally found in cold water species, were found in Euchaeta sp. from low latitudes. The latitudinal variation of trophic lipid markers in these copepods could be significantly related with in-situ food availability and species-specific diet preference. The result of this study suggests that the lipid contents and compositions in copepods may not only indicate their nutritional condition and feeding ecology but also provide insight into species-specific living strategies under different environmental conditions (i.e. water temperature, food availability).

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2020

미세조류는 효율적으로 바이오매스를 증가시킬 수 있으며 유용한 생물학적 자원들을 축적할 수 있기 때문에 에너지 및 식품 생산 등 다양한 분야에서 유망한 자원으로써 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 4종의 미세조류(Chlorella vulgaris, Mychonastes homosphaera, Coelastrella sp., Coelastrella vacuolata)를 선정하여 이들의 성장, CO2 동화, CO2 농도에 따른 미세조류의 지질 생성 특성을 분석하였다. 각 미세조류의 크기는 C. vulgaris가 가장 작았으며, M. homosphaera, C. vacuolata, Coelastrella sp. 순으로 큰 크기를 나타냈다. C. vulgaris는 다른 3종의 미세조류와 비교해서 크기가 가장 작으며 성장과 CO2 동화 속도가 가장 빠르게 나타났다. 또한, 초기 바이오매스가 증가함에 따라 CO2 동화 속도는 최대 9.62 mmol·day-1·l-1를 나타냈으며, 다른 3종의 미세조류(약 3 mmol·day-1·l-1)보다 3배 이상 높은 CO2 동화 속도를 보여주었다(p < 0.05). M. homosphaera를 제외하고 3종의 미세조류는 CO2 농도와 CO2 동화 비속도 사이에 양의 상관관계(positive correlation)를 나타냈다. 특히, C. vulgaris는 다른 3종의 미세조류와 비교해 더 높은 CO2 동화 비속도를 보여주었다(14.6 vs. ≤ 11.9 mmol·day-1·l-1). 4종의 미세조류는 CO2 농도가 증가함에 따라 지질 함량이 증가했으며 그 중에서 C. vulgaris는 최대 18 mg·l-1를 나타내 다른 3종의 미세조류(최대 12 mg·l-1)보다 최소 50% 이상 높은 지질 함량을 보여주었다. 4종의 미세조류 중 C. vulgaris가 효율적으로 CO2를 동화하며 다른 미세조류보다 높은 바이오매스와 지질 생산이 가능함을 시사한다.