• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.65-69
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• 1993

A serological survey was conducted to detect the type of Leptospirosis in sows. Antigen(live antigen) tested were L.icterohemorrhagiae, L.pomonal, L.canicola, L.Hardjo, L.australis, L.autumnalis, L.grippotyphosa, L.pyrogens, L.bataviae, L.hebdomadis. The survey was performed from J one 1992 to December 1992 by microscopic-agglutination test. The results were as follows 1, Among the serum samples of 92 heads of the sows, 6 heads of the sow(6.5%) were positive. 2. Among the positive samples of 6 heads, L.icterihemorrhagiae were 4 heads(4.3%) and L. pomona 2 heads (2.2%), respectively. 3. Antibody titers of positive sera were ranging from 1：200 to 1：1600. 4. The seroprevalence of leptospira in Chechon city, Chechon county, Danyang county that Chechon county(3.3%) was higher than that of other districts(1% -2.2%).

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.49-51
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• 1985

A serological survey for antibodies to Leptospira (L.) interrogans in dairy and Korean native cattle in Gyeongbuk area was performed using 6 different living antigens, which were L. icterohaemorrhagiae(RGA), L. canicola(Hond Utrecht IV), L. autumnalis(Akiyami A), L. australis(Ballico), L. pomona(Pomona) and L. hebdomadis(Hebdomadis), by microscopic agglutination test. In the microscopic agglutination test, greater than partial agglutination at a serum dilution of 1:300 or over was recorded as positive. In the dairy cattle(Holstein), four(4.7%) of 86 sera from 13 dairy farms were positive for L. canicola and L. pomona antibodies. In the Korean native cattle, four(3.2%) of 124 sera from the slaughter house in Taegu city were positive for L. canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. pomona antibodies. Among the positive sera, L, canicola was dominated in this experiment.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 1987

A strain of Leptospira interrogans(UM-19) was isolated in 1984 from a patient with epidemic pulmonary hemorrhagic fever. The bacteria has been characterized morphologically by a polymorphism showing spiral forms, short and long rods in culture. In order to study the biological relatedness among these forms of the bacteria, the short rods were separated from others by means of continuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and cultured at various temperatures such as $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$. It was revealed that cultivation or subcultivation of the short rods has resulted in morphological changes observed by darkfield examination, silver stain, and scanning electron microscope showing spiral forms as well as short and long rods.

• BMB Reports
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2008

Our previous work confirmed that Sph2/LA1029 was a sphigomyelinase-like hemolyisn of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Lai. Characteristics of both hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of Sph2 were reported in this paper. Sph2 was a heat-labile neutral hemolysin and had similar hemolytic behavior as the typical sphingomyelinase C of Staphylococcus aureus upon sheep erythrocytes. The cytotoxic activity of Sph2 was shown in mammalian cells such as BALB/C mouse lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as human L-02 liver cells. Transmission electron microscopic observation showed that the Sph2 treated BALB/C mouse lymphocytes were swollen and ruptured with membrane breakage. They also demonstrated condensed chromatin as a high-density area. Cytoskeleton changes were observed via fluorescence confocal microscope in Sph2 treated BALB/C mouse lymphocytes and macrophages, where both cytokine IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 were induced. In addition, typical apoptotic morphological features were observed in Sph2 treated L-02 cells via transmission electron microscope and the percentage of apoptotic cells did increase after the Sph2 treatment detected by flow cytometry. Therefore, Sph2 was likely an apoptosis-inducing factor of human L-02 liver cells.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2011

Leptospirosis is a spirochetal infectious disease caused by $Leptospira$ $interrogans$, and may vary in degree from an asymptomatic infection to a severe and fatal illness. The kidney is one of the principal target organs of $Leptospira$. Renal disorders caused by $Leptospira$ infection vary from an abnonnality in urinalysis to acute kidney injury (AKI). Incidence of AKI in severe leptospirosis varies from 40% to 60%. AKI reflects the severity of leptospirosis and is generally accompanied by cholestatic jaundice. The pathophysiology of AKI in leptospirosis consists of hypovolemia, direct tubular toxicity, and rhabdomyolysis. Most patients with acute leptospirosis experience severe myalgias, and show laboratory evidence of mild rhabdomyolysis. However, occurrence of severe rhabdomyolysis is rare. We report here on a patient with leoptospirosis, who had severe rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury without jaundice.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2004

Total 160 head of porcine kidneys were examined for gross and histopathological lesions and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), porcine parvovirus (PPV), Leptospira species and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Grossly, 137 kidneys (85.6%) had lesions characterized by the presence of the scattered white foci. Microscopically, multifocal interstitial nephritis, which classified into 4 grades such as, no lesion (Score 0), mild lesion (Score 1), moderate lesion (Score 2) and severe chronic lesion (Score 3) with fibrosis, was observed in 159 cases (99.4%). The histopathologic mean score for multifocal interstitial nephritis was significantly different (P<0.05) between the cases of PCV-2 single infection and the cases of co-infection with PCV-2 and PPV. According to PCR evaluation, PCV-2 were detected in 73.8% (118 cases), PPV were in 66.9% (107 cases), however Leptospira spp. and PRRSV were negative in all kidneys. Both PCV-2 and PPV were detected in 52.5% (84 cases). In 84 cases co-infected with PCV-2 and PPV, the occurrence of lymphoid follicle and vasculitis were observed as 65.5% (55 cases) and 26.2% (22 cases), respectively. These results revealed that PCV-2 and PPV were major infectious agents for interstitial nephritis in slaughtered pigs, Jeju. And the histopathologic lesions of multifocal interstitial nephritis were more severe in the case co-infected with PCV-2 and PPV.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 1971

Investigation of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and Leptospira canicola in dogs was carried out from May, 1970 to March, 1971 in Korea. A total of 943 random samples from 18 animal hospitals in 9 cities were collected and sent to Taipei and tested by the rapid microscopic agglutination test giving the following results. 1. The 943 samples gave 141 positives (14.95%). 2. Among the 18 animal hospitals a total 14 positives were found, with 30.0% being the highest and 9.1% the lowest reaction, comparing each hospital. 3. Monthly positive comparison gave the highest reaction for December (31.3%) the lowest August (5.8%). Seasonal comparison June, July and August was the lowest of all four seasons. 4. Of all the 913 cases examined, males were 505 (55.3%) and females 408 (44.7%), which gives only a difference of about 10% on the basis of sex. Comparing positive reaction cases on the basis of sex gave a large difference, of almost twice. Male${\cdots}$92: Female${\cdots}$47 5. Comparing 436 (46.9%) sick dogs against 492 (53.1%) healthy dogs gave 13.3 and 16.1% positive respectively. Thus indicating that some of the healthy dogs have inapparent infection. 6. Comparing on the basis of positive serum type L. icterohaemorrhagiae gave 133 (54.7%) and L. canicola 110 (45.3%) Generally both L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola produce common reaction with positive serum. 7. Comparing by age a total of 89 positive cases gave the following results. less than 1 year${\cdots}$49 (55.5%) from 1 year to 2 years${\cdots}$26 (29.2%) from 2 year to 3 years${\cdots}$12 (13.5%) over 3 years${\cdots}$5 8. Among 80 field rats collected at Suwon and tested by rapid microscopic agglutination test for L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola gave all negative reactions.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.291-296
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• 1985

유행성 출혈형 폐염양 환자로부터 분리한 병원체에 대한 환자 항 혈청의 조사와 동물의 감염성 및 이 질환에 의해 사망된 환자의 조직내 균체검사의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 분리균에 대한환자의 항 혈청검사에서 42명 중 39명이 항체역가 1 : 40이상의 양성반응으로 나타났다. 2) 균접종에 대한 동물의 감수성 검사에서 guinea-pig은 LD가 $1-2{\times}10^9$ 균수인데 반하여 mouse에서는 LD가$1-2{\times}10^9$ 균수 이상으로 감수성이 낮고, 다람쥐는 거의 저항성으로 나타났다. 감염동물에서는 굵은 5 -10일경 간장, 폐장, 신장, 혈액 및 뇨에서 모두 검출되었다. 감염된 장기의 병리적 소견에서 폐장에는 폐포내 심한 출혈과 단핵백혈구의 침윤 및 기관지 폐염을 나타내고, 간장에는 Kupffer cell외 과다증식, 동양구조내 울혈 및 저산소증 변화, 국소적 허혈성 괴사를 볼 수 있고, 신장의 경우 단 수질내 출혈과 뇨에서는 많은 균과 적혈구를 관찰할 수 있었다. 3)균에 대한 특이 가토 항 혈청은 환자의 항혈청에서와 같이 간접 면역 형광법에 의해 유행성 출혈열 폐염양 질환으로 사망한 환자의 조직내 감염군과 강하게 반응하였다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.209-218
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• 1987

Leptospira interrogans, the causative organism of leptospirosis, is characterized by a fine helical morphology, and the helix is almost always right-handed. However, one of the striking features of recent isolates of L. interrogans in Korea was the heterogeneity in their morphology. Even under optimal culture conditions($30^{\circ}C$, EMJH medium), rods, spiral forms with right or left-handed helices, and even spherical forms of L. interrogans were present. Although the literature notes the presence of left-handed helices, long rods, and spherical forms in cultures of L. interrogans isolates, little is known about the cause of this morphologic heterogeneity. In an attempt to answer this question, this study was initiated to examine the effects of culture conditions, especially temperature and medium, on the morphology of L. interrogans. Four temperatures($5^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, and $37^{\circ}C$) and two types of media(Fletcher and EMJH) were used; one strain from Korean isolates and L. interrogans serovar canicola obtained from the Pasteur Institute(Paris, France) were employed throughout the study. The findings are as follows: 1. The L. interrogans isolated in Korea(UM-19) had a larger cell diameter($0.25{\sim}0.30\;{\mu}m$: $0.10{\sim}0.15\;{\mu}m$), and helix diameter($0.10{\sim}0.60\;{\mu}m$: $0.10{\sim}0.15\;{\mu}m$) than that obtained from the Pasteur Institute, but they varied in their distances between the helices($0.31{\sim}1.00\;{\mu}m$: $0.50{\sim}0.70\;{\mu}m$). 2, When UM-19 was grown at $37^{\circ}C$ after months or longer preincubation at $5^{\circ}C$ or $15^{\circ}C$, the majority of the organisms were spiral forms; however, they became rods when subcultured at $30^{\circ}C$ or $37^{\circ}C$. No significant morphological differences were found between Fletcher and EMJH media. 3. When L. interrogans serovar canicola was subcultured more than ten times at $37^{\circ}C$, some of the organism lost their motility as well as the hooks at either one or both ends, but only in Fletcher medium. The number of variants increased with the frequency of subculturing. These findings suggested that L. interrogans strain (UM-19) is different, in their morphology, from that of the Pasteur Institute, and its various morphologies may represent stages of the life cycle and vary with incubation temperature.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.377-382
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• 1998

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), scrub typhus, murine typhus and leptospirosis have been the principal acute febrile diseases in Korea. To evaluate the seroepidemiologic patterns of acute febrile illness, sera collected from 2,423 patients in 1996 were examined for antibodies against Hantaan virus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, and Borrelia burgdorferi by indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFA) and macroscopic agglutination test for Leptospira interogans. Seropositive cases against Otsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, Leptospira interogans and Hantaan virus were 192 (7.9%), 193 (8.0%), 12 (0.5%) and 324 (13.4%), respectively. Male was more affected in HFRS and murine typhus contrasting to scrub typhus and leptospirosis in female. Most positive cases occurred during October and November for scrub typhus, and during November and December for HFRS. These results showed similar patterns with previous epidemical data for recent couple of years, and possibly implied no significant changes occurred in ecologic situations for acute febrile diseases in Korea.