• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.134-140
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• 2020

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Korea are required to be maintained using a defense in-depth approach to prevent leakage of radioactive substances outside the plant and allow safe shutdown in the event of a fire. Periodic testing must be conducted to ensure that the fire protection facilities perform as required by the laws for various nuclear reactor types. In June 2017, for the first time in Korea, a nuclear plant, Kori Unit 1, was permanently shut down. It was prepared for decommissioning in accordance with the fire protection regulations imposed by the regulatory body. However, a standard protocol is necessary for systematically establishing the fire protection program for decommissioning of NPPs in the future. Therefore, the nuclear legal systems of countries with many operating nuclear power plants, such as the United States, Japan, Canada, and various European countries, were reviewed and guidelines for establishing a fire protection program for decommissioning NPPs was suggested; the fire protection requirements stated by Reg Guide 1.191 (Decommissioning fire protection program for NPPs during decommissioning and permanent shutdown) were used as a model. Suggestions for establishing legal regulations to optimize fire protection programs and secure basic technology for decommissioning NPPs were also made.

• Maritime Security
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.55-83
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• 2022

For humankind, the ocean is a treasure trove of natural resources and an important area that provides major transportation routes. However, marine ecosystems are under threat amidst the global climate change crisis. This is partly due to various sources of pollution emitted from ships, shore facilities, and other sources. In response, the navies of advanced countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe have assessed such a climate change crisis as a new maritime security threat. These countries have made early efforts to prevent marine pollution from warships. These efforts have been legally embodied. This was legislation for technical and organizational structures to be practically applied in the field. Among these navies of developed countries, France has established parliamentary and intergovernmental plans to become a leader in environmental protection at the defense level, not only in the European region but throughout the world. Within this framework, the French Navy, through its internal instruction, has inclined its legal efforts to prevent marine pollution from warships. Therefore, this study examines the legislation for the prevention of marine pollution from warships within the French Navy and compares it with the marine environmental legislation applicable to the ROK Navy. It then deduces the implications for the ROK navy, which is advancing toward a Blue-Water navy.

• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.57-84
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• 2013

North Korea's continuous threats and provocative behaviors have aggravated tension on the Korean peninsula particularly with the recent nuclear weapons test. South Korea's best way to cope with this situation is to maintain the balance among three policy directions: dialogue, sanctions, and deterrence. Among the three, I argue that deterrence should be prioritized. There are different sources of deterrence such as military power, economic power, and diplomatic clouts. States can build deterrence capability independently. Alternatively, they may do so through relations with other states including alliances, bilateral relations, or multilateral relations in the international community. What South Korea needs most urgently is to maintain deterrence against North Korea's local provocations through the enhancement of independent military capability particularly by addressing the asymmetric vulnerability between militaries of the South and the North. Most of all, the South Korean government should recognize the seriousness of the negative consequences that North Korea's 'Nuclear shadow strategy' would bring about for the inter-Korea relations and security situations in Northeast Asia. Based on this understanding, it should develop an 'assertive deterrence strategy' that emphasizes 'multi-purpose, multi-stage, and tailored deterrence whose main idea lies in punitive retaliation.' This deterrence strategy requires a flexible targeting policy and a variety of retaliatory measures capable of taking out all targets in North Korea. At the same time, the force structures of the army, the air force, and the navy should be improved in a way that maximizes their deterrence capability. For example, the army should work on expanding the guided missile command and the special forces command and reforming the reserve forces. The navy and the air force should increase striking capabilities including air-to-ground, ship-to-ground, and submarine-to-ground strikes to a great extent. The marine corps can enhance its deterrence capability by changing the force structure from the stationary defense-oriented one that would have to suffer some degree of troop attrition at the early stage of hostilities to the one that focuses on 'counteroffensive landing operations.' The government should continue efforts for defense reform in order to obtain these capabilities while building the 'Korean-style triad system' that consists of advanced air, ground, and surface/ subsurface weapon systems. Besides these measures, South Korea should start to acquire a minimum level of nuclear potential within the legal boundary that the international law defines. For this, South Korea should withdraw from the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. Moreover, it should obtain the right to process and enrich uranium through changing the U.S.-South Korea nuclear cooperation treaty. Whether or not we should be armed with nuclear weapons should not be understood in terms of "all or nothing." We should consider an 'in-between' option as the Japanese case proves. With regard to the wartime OPCON transition, we need to re-consider the timing of the transition as an effort to demonstrate the costliness of North Korea's provocative behaviors. If impossible, South Korea should take measures to make the Strategic Alliance 2015 serve as a persisting deterrence system against North Korea. As the last point, all the following governments of South Korea should keep in mind that continuing reconciliatory efforts should always be pursued along with other security policies toward North Korea.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.76-85
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• 2012

Geochemical and ecological properties of remediated soil and gas exhausted from a low-temperature thermal desorption (LTTD) process were analyzed to assess the environmental impact of LTTD treatment. Soil characteristics were examined with regard to the chemical (EC, CEC, and organic matter) and the ecological (dehydrogenase activity, germination rate of Brassica juncea, and growth of Eisenia andrei) properties. The exhaust gases were analyzed based on the Air Quality Act in Korea as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and mixed odor. Level of organic Organic matter of the soil treated by LTTD process was slightly decreased compared to that of the original soil because the heating temperature ($200^{\circ}C$) and retention time (less than 15 minutes) were neither high nor long enough for the oxidation of organic matter. The LTTD process results in reducing TPH of the contaminated soil from $5,133{\pm}508$ mg/kg to $272{\pm}107$ mg/kg while preserving soil properties. Analysis results of the exhaust gases from the LTTD process satisfied discharge standard of Air Quality Law in Korea. Concentration of VOCs including acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and valeraldehyde in circulation gas volatilized from contaminated soil were effectively reduced in the regenerative thermal oxidizer and all satisfied the legal standards. Showing ecologically improved properties of contaminated soil after LTTD process and environmentally tolerable impact of the exhaust gas, LTTD treatment of TPH-contaminated soil is an environmentally acceptable technology.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.730-746
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• 2015

Selenium plays an important role in boar nutrition via participating in selenoprotein synthesis. It seems likely that selenoproteins are central for antioxidant system regulation in the body. Se-dependent enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) is the most studied selenoprotein in swine production. However, roles of other selenoproteins in boar semen production and maintenance of semen quality also need to be studied. Boar semen is characterised by a high proportion of easily oxidized long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and requires an effective antioxidant defense. The requirement of swine for selenium varies depending on many environmental and other conditions and, in general, is considered to be 0.15 to 0.30 mg/kg feed. It seems likely that reproducing sows and boars are especially sensitive to Se deficiency, and meeting their requirements is an important challenge for pig nutritionists. In fact, in many countries there are legal limits as to how much Se may be included into the diet and this restricts flexibility in terms of addressing the Se needs of the developing and reproducing swine. The analysis of data of various boar trials with different Se sources indicates that in some cases when background Se levels were low, there were advantages of Se dietary supplementation. It is necessary to take into account that only an optimal Se status of animals is associated with the best antioxidant protection and could have positive effects on boar semen production and its quality. However, in many cases, background Se levels were not determined and therefore, it is difficult to judge if the basic diets were deficient in Se. It can also be suggested that, because of higher efficacy of assimilation from the diet, and possibilities of building Se reserves in the body, organic selenium in the form of selenomethionine (SeMet) provided by a range of products, including Se-Yeast and SeMet preparations is an important source of Se to better meet the needs of modern pig genotypes in commercial conditions of intensive pig production.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2010

There have been various discussions to prevent violence to 119 emergency medical technicians, and the aims of the were as follow ; first, the staff dispatched to the scene should be reinforced so that the patients committing violent acts can be subdued. Secondly, self-defense devices should be provided to 119 emergency medical technicians so that they can use them in a dangerous situation and escape from it. And finally, 119 emergency medical technicians should be allowed to refuse to transport the patients when they or their guardians do violence to them in order to prevent potential violent cases. When countermeasures after violence is committed, it is important to secure evidence and determine strongly to bring charges to the offenders rather than agree to overlook the violence in order to correct them right. It is necessary to introduce a support program to help the victim technicians concentrate on their physical and mental treatment. Violence to 119 EMT should be punished so that the society will think it is natural to punish such offenders. In a safer environment, 119 EMT can perform their duties and it is very important to draw this consensus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.22-30
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• 2017

PL (Product Liability) refers to the legal responsibility of a manufacturer or seller for bodily injuries or property losses caused by product defects. Therefore, it is important for companies to construct a product liability response system that strategically manage and effectively adapt to product liability. A PL response system refers to companywide operations of PL prevention (PLP) measures, product safety (PS) measures, and PL defense (PLD) measures appropriate for a company's scale and environment. To establish an enterprise product liability response system, each essential component of corporations should be systematically operated and maintained considering the scale and characteristics of the corporations. Essential components of PL response system is Strategy, Organization, Training, Technology, Investment, and Awareness. Role of essential components is that companies need specific strategies to secure product safety and protect customers from product defects, and appropriate organizations must be composed for effective operation of such strategies. The objective of this paper seeks to examine the relationships among the essential components of the product liability response system and PL performance. PL performance consists of positive performance and negative performance. In particular, positive performance include increased efforts in product or process innovation such as strengthening research and development (R&D) to produce safer products without defects. In order to carry out this research we obtained 98 questionnaire of manufacturing company. A summary of the analyses is as follows: First, the awareness and technology among essential components affect significantly to the positive performance. Second, the awareness and strategy among essential components negative affect to the negative performance.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.158-167
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• 2013

This research examines the legal liability of place-shifting of TV contents by the use of the Slingbox. The place-shifting of TV contents is fair use because it is a non-commercial private use based on the relevant case law regarding time-shifting and device-shifting such as Sony, RIAA and Napster. But the sharing of place-shifting function is likely to be liable for copyright infringement. And place-shifting may not be fair use based on the cases which denied fair use of time-shifting and space-shifting because the consumers' convenience for the use of the copyrighted work is against the purpose of legislation of copyright law. Place-shifting is unlikely to have a significant effect on the potential market for TV contents because it presents lucrative new platforms to disseminate TV contents to computers and mobile devices. However it is likely to have negative effect because various devices can be the follow-up marketplaces of the copyright holders of TV contents. This study proposes the "innovative medium defense," a new doctrine to analyze liability of innovative media.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.67-79
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• 2021

Lessons Learned(LL) is a military term defined as all activities that promote future development by finding problems and need improvement in education and reality in the field of warfare development. In this paper, we focus on presenting actual examples and applying AI analysis inference techniques to solve revealed problems in promoting LL activities, such as long-term analysis, budget problems, and necessary expertise. AI legal advice services using cognitive computing-related technologies that have already been practical and in use, were judged to be the best examples to solve the problems of LL. This paper presents intelligent LL inference techniques, which utilize AI. To this end, we want to explore theoretical backgrounds such as LL analysis definitions and examples, evolution of AI into Machine Learning, cognitive computing, and apply it to new technologies in the defense sector using the newly proposed L²-OODA ensemble algorithm to contribute to implementing existing power improvement and optimization.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

A civil-military facility sharing project is a part of mutual cooperative efforts, which enables the military to use any civilian (local government or company) or a civilian to use any military facility. Such facility sharing project may reduce or clear possible conflicts with the local residents in the surrounding area of a military facility while being available to save budgets for new construction or maintenance of a defense or military facility. Various measures have been proposed for institutional resolutions on conflicts with the local residents in the surrounding area of a military facility. This study collects and organizes previous cases of the civilian-military facility sharing projects, and analyzes the characteristics of such cases based on the project types. In addition, by organizing and proposing the project characteristics, plans (ideas) and determination criteria to expand and vitalize are presented regarding the project types having restrictions. AHP technique is employed to research on the matrix for the project feasibility determination. Also, the opinions organized through the cause analysis are categorized and presented as a project for the expansion and vitalization of future project. According to the rearch result, Type I, II and III are determined to be projects that can be implemented without difficulties. Type IV, on the other hands, is determined as not illegal, yet inadequate so that some legal and institutional complements are required to expand and vitaliza this facility sharing project.