• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.73-77
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• 1994

Lead-acid battery is used widely as a power source at a automobile, industrial machines. folk lifts. U.P.S. etc. Since lead-acid battery is cheaper than any other ones. But this battery has many disadvantages such as heavy, low energy density, environment problem etc. In this article, We introduce potential step methods to investigate corrosion behaviour of positive grids for lead alloyes.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.779-783
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• 2018

In this work, Mathematical modeling was carried-out to predict the charging/discharging characteristics of VRLA (Valve regulated lead acid) battery, which is mainly used as a 12 V lead acid battery for automobile. And It also carried-out how it's characteristics would be changed due to aging. A mathematical modeling technique, which has been mainly used to predict behavior of Lithium-ion batteries, is applied to commercial 70 Ah VRLA battery. The modeling result of Voltage was compared with result of constant current charge / discharge test. From this, it can be seen that the NTGK model can be applied to the lead acid battery with high accuracy. It was also found that the aging of lead-acid battery can be predicted by using it.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.177-181
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• 1995

Lead-acid battery is used widely as a power source in the automobile, industrial machines, folk lifts U.P.S etc. But this battery has man\ulcorner disadvantages such as heavy low energy density, environment problem etc. In this paper, we have studied the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of lead-acid battery positive plates with regard to the method of curing. It has been observed that curing conditions strongly influence electrode composition and electrchemical performance.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.187-189
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• 1994

Lead-acid battery is used widely as a power source at a automobile, industrial machines, folk lifts, U.P.S. etc. Since lead-acid battery is cheaper than any other ones. But this battery has many disadvantages such as heavy, low energy density, environment problem etc. In this article, we introduce potential step methods to investigate corrosion behaviour of positive grids for lead alloys.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.96-103
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• 1998

Lead-acid battery is being most widely used with secondary battery because of its low price, and long life cycles. But According to using for a long time, its voltage, capacity, and recovery ability is decreased gradually. Therefore there are many papers about improving the property of a lead-acid battery. One of them is to slow down sulfation due to formation of inner PbSO sub(4) by adding inhibitor to electrolyte, however it was not well known what is inhibitor's composition and its role acting on both cathodic and anodic electrode because of its know-how of every country and companies. The purpose of this paper is to study about improvement of property of lead-acid battery by adding one of the inhibitor to H sub(2) SO sub(4) electrolyte.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.369-377
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• 2013

This paper deals with the state of charge(SOC) and life cycle evaluation algorithm for lead-acid battery, which is essential factor of the electric vehicle(EV) and the stabilization of renewable energy in the smart grid. In order to perform the effective operation of the lead-acid battery, SOC and life cycle evaluation algorithm is required. Specific gravity with the change of electrolyte temperature inside battery case should be obtained to evaluate the SOC of lead-acid battery, however it is difficult to measure the electrolyte temperature of sealed type lead-acid battery. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes the equation of thermal transmission to compensate internal temperature of the lead-acid battery. Also, it is difficult to exactly evaluate the life cycle of battery, depending on the operation conditions of lead-acid battery such as charging and discharging state, self discharging rate and environmental issue. In order to solve the problem, this paper presents the concept for gravity accumulation of charge and discharge cycle, which is the value converted at $20^{\circ}C$. By using the proposed algorithm, this paper propose the test device based on the Labview software. The simulation results show that it is a practical tool for the maintenance of lead-acid battery in the field of industry.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.3391-3398
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• 2015

Recently, the large scaled lead-acid battery is widely introduced to efficient operation of the photovoltaic system in many islands. but the demand of lithium-ion battery is getting increased by the operation of wind power and replacement of the lead-acid battery. And also, under the renewable portfolio standard(RPS) and energy efficiency resource standard(EERS) policy of Korea government, the introduction of energy storage system(ESS) has been actively increased. Therefore, this paper presents the operation algorithm of hybrid battery management system(BMS) using the lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, in order to maximize advantage of each battery. In other words, this paper proposed the algorithm of state of charge(SOC) and hybrid operation algorithm to calculate the optimal composition rate considering the fixed cost and operation cost of each battery. From the simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed algorithms are an effective tool to evaluate SOC and to optimally operate hybrid ESS.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.113-119
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• 2012

This paper describes the design and control of a phase shift full bridge converter with a current doubler, which can be used for the on-board charger for the lead-acid battery of electric forklifts. Unlike the common resistance load, the battery has a large capacitance element and it absorbs the entire converter output ripple current, thereby shortening the battery life and degrading the system efficiency. In this paper a phase shift full bridge converter with a current doubler has been adopted to decrease the output ripple current and the transformer rating of the charger. The charge controller is designed by using the small signal model of the converter, taking into consideration the internal impedance of the battery. The stability and performance of the battery charger is then verified by constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charge experiments using a lead-acid battery bank for an electric forklift.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.631-636
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• 2018

This paper proposed an optimal operation strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with a lithium-ion battery and lead-acid battery for mild hybrid electric vehicles (mild HEVs). The proposed mild HEV system is targeted to mount the electric motor and the battery to a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. Because the proposed mild HEV includes the motor and energy storage device of small capacity, the system focuses on low system cost and small size. To overcome these limitations, it is necessary to use a lead acid battery which is used for a vehicle. Thus, it is possible to use more energy using HESS with a lithium battery and a lead storage battery. The HESS, which combines the lithium-ion battery and the secondary battery in parallel, can achieve better performance by using the two types of energy storage systems with different characteristics. However, the system requires an operation strategy because accurate and selective control of the batteries for each situation is necessary. In this paper, an optimal operation strategy is proposed considering characteristics of each energy storage system, state-of-charge (SOC), bidirectional converters, the desired output power, and driving conditions in the mild HEV system. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated through several case studies with respect to energy capacity, SOC, battery characteristic, and system efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2006

Generally, it has been known that positive plate efficiency is the most influential effect on the initial current capacity of lead acid battery. Thus, in this study, we have investigated the curing effect of the positive plate, which is one of the important lead acid battery processes. The curing process of the positive plate is performed either with the separation of each plate with 1mm gap or with no gap of plate. As a result, when there is no interval between each plate, the higher temperature current happened than expected, resulting in the changes in the initial current efficiency of the lead acid battery. The chemical composition and crystal structure of a material coated on the positive plate were identified with XRD and SEM. It was resulted that were only there not a lot of 4BS (tetrabasic-lead sulfate, $4PbO{\cdot}PbSO_4)$ on the plate in case of curing of plates without interval, but a large quantity of $Pb_3O_4$ also formed on the surface. On the other hand, it was observed that 3BS (tribasic-lead sulface, $3PbO{\cdot}PbSO_4{\cdot}H_2O)$ was the main product on the plate in case of typical curing process with some interval. From the initial current capacity test, the positive plate having 3BS was approximately 40% higher in initial current capacity than that having 4BS. It was concluded that 4BS and $Pb_3O_4$ on the plate surface were harmful to the initial current capacity of lead acid battery.