• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.251-262
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• 2009

In this research dairy cattle barn facilities what are 4,198 houses hold over 50 heads were surveyed by scale and province. Full-time farms hold over 50 heads breed total 344,514 heads. Each of Farms holds 50 to 99 heads were 79.8 percent and breed average 82.1 heads. Dairy cattle barns were constructed september 1995 averagely. Each of barns have $1,740.0\;m^2$ scale. The construction type of dairy cattle barn was almost litter barn type 84.0%, freestyle type 5.1%, mooring+litter ground type 17.3% and other types 4.4%. The litter barn type was popular in small farms. But in large farms, freestyle type was popular than small farms. The construction type of dairy cattle barn was almost litter barn type 84.0%, freestyle type 5.1%, moohng+ltter ground type 17.3% and other types 4.4%. Type of dairy cattle robotic milking system was pipeline 41.5%, herringbone 22.8% and tandem 35.8%. The pipeline type was popular in small farms which have 50~99 heads. But in large farms which have over 200 heads, tandem type was popular than small farms. Proportion of floor type of dairy cattle barn was almost litter type 94.9%. Scraper type was popular in large farms than in small farms. Proportion of roof type of dairy cattle barn was slate 32.5%, vinyl 16.3%, sunlight 11.1%, panel 10.9, zinc plate 8.8 and steel plate 8.3%. Roof type was lots of slate type before 1995. But vinyl type is increasing after 1995. Proportion of wall type of dairy cattle barn was almost open type 83.3% and winch-curtain 26.8%. Utilization period of dairy cattle barn was 9.2 years about milker, 7.9 years about automatic feeder, 9.2 years about waterer and 10.4 years about electric facilities. In this results, there were lots of improvements about automatic feeder.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 1984

This study was carried out ot examine the sex ratios of offspring in swine. The sex ratios were obtained on the basis of the data from 15,892 pigs produced by 1,728 litters of Landrace, Large Yorkshire, Hampshire and Duroc breeds at National Animal Breeding Institute from 1975 to 1980. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The sex ratio of total offspring was 51.47% for male and significant at 5% level, and Landrace and Duroc breeds were 51.46% and 52.27% for male and significant at 5% level, respectively, but no significant difference between the breeds. 2. The sex ratio of offspring by years was 52.74% for male and significant at 5% level in 1979, but no significant difference for other years and between years. 3. The sex ratio of offspring by seasons were a little highly 51.65% and 51.25%, for male in spring and autumn, but no significant difference, respectively. 4. The sex ratio of offspring by parities were 52.65% and 55.81% for male in groups of the 3rd to 4th and the 5th to 6th parity, and significant difference at 5% and 1% level, respectively. 5. The sex ratio of offspring by groups of litter size was 52.65% for male in 1 to 6 heads group, and significant difference at 5% level, but no significant difference between groups of litter size.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.484-488
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• 2008

We investigated the effect of the prolactin receptor gene (PRLR) on total number of born (TNB), number of born alive (NBA) and number of weaned (NW) piglets in Large White (LW), White Meaty (WM) and Landrace (L) sows from six Slovak breeding farms. The frequency of A allele was 0.48, 0.49 and 0.47 in LW, WM and L, respectively. We found numerous highly significant effects of PRLR locus on TNB ($p{\leq}0.01$; $p{\leq}0.05$) in all tested breeds. The most marked difference of +$1.31{\pm}0.45pigs/L$ was found between AA and BB genotypes in WM. Within the other breeds the difference between the homozygous genotypes reached up to +$0.94{\pm}0.3$ and +$1.21{\pm}0.19$ pigs per litter in LW and L, respectively. We also identified significant differences between AA and AB genotypes related to TNB in L. Similarly NBA, as well as NW traits were significantly affected ($p{\leq}0.01$; $p{\leq}0.05$) by the genotype just in LW and L. The homozygous genotype AA was favourable in all breeds and traits. Our results showed the possibility of PRLR utilization in marker-assisted selection within breeding programs to increase reproductive traits of pigs in Slovakia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.632-637
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• 2006

Oviduct-specific glycoprotein 1 (OVGP1) is implicated in playing a role in fertilization and early embryo development. In this study, we have obtained the sequence of intron 9 of OVGP1 gene in swine. Comparative sequencing of Meishan (a native Chinese breed) and Large White pig breeds revealed an A/T substitution at position 943. A PCR-EcoRI-RFLP assay was developed to detect this mutation. Polymorphism analysis in Qingping animals showed that pigs with BB genotype had lower number of piglets born alive (NBA) in multiple parities than pigs with AA (p<0.05) and AB genotype (p<0.01). In Large $White{\times}Meishan$ ($LW{\times}M$) $F_2$ offspring, the weight of both ovaries (OW) of the BB genotype was significantly lighter than that of AB (p = 0.05) and AA (p<0.01) genotypes. Analysis of the data also revealed that the mutation locus affected these two traits mostly by additive effects. These studies indicated that the polymorphism was associated with NBA and OW in two distinct populations and further investigations in more purebreds or crossbreds are needed to confirm these results.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2001

Oribatid mite communities in the process of litter decomposition were analyzed In Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests of Namsan and Kwangreung, which were supposed to be under different environmental selective pressures. Oribatid mites were collected bimonthly from the litter bags (mesh size 0.4 mm, 1.7 mm) which was set up in the forest floor of study sites. This study had been carried out from Jan., 1997 to Sept., 1998. Species abundance of Kwangreung (mesh size 1.7 mm) was significantly higher than that of Namsan (mesh size 1.7 mm), but total no. of species did not exceed 30 species in all study sites. Concerning body length, medium sized oribatid mites (0.3-0.7mm) were more abundant than small ( < 0.3 mm) and large ( > 0.7 mm) sized mites. In Kwangreung, species whose body lengths were 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm were major group. However, a little larger species than Kwangreung's major group were dominant in Namsan. Sorenson similarity index and cluster analysis suggested that there were qualitative and quantitative differences in species composition in Namsan and Kwangreung. More species were collected in May through September than the other sampling times, but the pattern was rather different between first year and second year. Newly immigrant species were high in May in the first year and many of them regained on next year. Diversity indices suggested that species diversity of Kwangreung was higher than that of Namsan. Nearly 70% of total individual abundance was occupied by several dominant species in Namsan and Kwangreung . In the litter bags of mesh size 1.7 mm, the most dominant species was Trichogalumna nipponica in Namsan and Kwangreung, but in the litter bags of mesh size 0.4 mm in Kwangreung it was Ramusella sengbuschi which is smaller than T. nipponica. And important species related to litter decomposition were selected as follows; T. nipponica, Epidamaeus coreanus, Scheloribates latipes, Ceratozetes japonicus, Ramusella sengbuschi, Eohypochthonius crassisetiger, and Cultroribula lata.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 1992

To elucidate nutrient cyclings such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in mongolian oak(quercus mongolica) forest, nutrient elements of precipitation, throughfall, outflow, soil, various plant organ and litter were determined at mt.nambyeongsan, pyeongchang-gun, gangwon province in central part of korean peninsula. Annual precipitation input, throughfall and outflow of nutrientswere 10.3, 8.6 and 4.2 kg/ha for the N, 0.11, 0.24 and 0.02 kg/ha for the Pand 1.3, 10.9 and 1.2 kg/ha for the K, respectively. Inseasonal changes of nutrient concentrations, N, P and Kconcentrations which were rich in young leaves decreased steadily until autumn and decreased abruptly during autumnal yellowing. The standing N, P and K concent were 565, 37 and 257 kg/ha for standing phytomass of overstory, 33, 3 and 18 kg/ha for understory, 132, 3.6 and 14 kg/ha for litter on ground including deadwood and 20, 752, 14 and 420 kg/ha for the soil, respectively. The amounts of annual uptake, reture and retain were 174.2, 57.2, 117.2 kg/ha for the N, 9.9, 3.5, 6.4 kg/ha for the P and 73.2, 30.3, 42.9 kg/ha for the K, respectively. Reabsorption efficiency, ratio of the nutrient amount reabsorbed into woody organs to that in the mature leaves before shedding, was 71%(or 99.8 kg/ha in the amount), 69%(or 5.1 kg/ha) and 57%(or 33.1% kg/ha) and recycling coeffciently made with which the large amount of nutrients is absorbed through roots during growing season(UPTAKE) and reasorbed from the leaves before shedding(RETAIN) but the small amount of nutrients is returned through litterfall(RETURN).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 1974

U-Reuk, a laureate musician in the days of King Jin-Heung, Silla Dynasty, built the Eui Rim Reservoir about 1,400 years ago. This was one of the oldest man-made reservoir. The embankment of the reservoir collapsed by the clumsy artificial drainage on August 19, 1972 when the heavy rainfall of 462 mm/day caused a dangerous overflow of the reservoir. The result of the study on the mystic ancient embankment techniques are as follows: 1. Sandy loam derived from the weathering of granite which is the most widely distributed rock type in the area, was used in the embankment. Large size logs (embankment core) of 30-50 cm in diameter were buried lengthwise along the embankment. 2. The six stocks of Pinus densiflora, 3 stocks of Quercus acutissima, 1 stock of Quercus variabilis and 1 stock of Popolus maximowiczii, altogether 11 stocks are identified. Forest types in the nearby area during the days of the reservoir construction seem to be includde a considerable number of Pinus densiflora, Quercus and Populus species. 3. The angle of repose of the earth materials is taken into account during the embankment. On top of the embankment double layers of clay (20-30 cm indepth) were spread and consolidated. Layer of litter of 20-40 cm in deep covered on the clay layer of the embankment completely, and another layer of clay was consolidated over the litter. Finally, a layer of stones of 10-30 cm in diameter and clay (yellow soil layer) toped the embankment. 4. At the lower part of the embankment clay layer was thicker and became thinner as it goes upwards. At every layer, soil was consolidated and burned. When embankment was completed, it was covered evenly with heavy clay, and finally it was topped with general soil. 5. The heavy clay layer on the inner slope of the embankment showed gray phenomena and litter remained raw humus layer. The clay layer functioned as rubber in the water, and raw humus layer prevented water from seepages. Thus, the embankment was solidly built in this way. 6. The ancient embankment techniques used soils conveyed from nearby area taking the angle of repose into account. Once embankment was completed, clay and litter layers were added to have a plasticity and to withstand the water pressure. 7. It is an excellent technique that the reservoir was constructed with least labor for maximum effects while the recent embankment techniques requires a large amount of labor.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1994

This study focuses on forest fires attributed to cigarette light, the main source of wild fires, by examining the characteristics of the fire types. It aims to present useful data for preventive measures. Statistics show that the average length of cigarette butts left after smoking is 30mm excluding filter for domestic cigarette smokers. Also the average thickness of litter layer in forests is 58.2mm throughout the nation. The value varies according to how often leaves were trodden by hikers : the accumulation amount of Mt. Sunchi. which is relatively protected from human disturbances, is 29.6% more than that of Mt. Kye-Ryong National Park. Aged trees such as Pznus rzgidu, Quercus acutissima and Larix leptolepis have relatively large inflammable contents, 2.43kg in 15 year-old stand and 2.55kg in 10 year-old stand. This study found out the following fact with regard to the start of lighting and the out-break of fire. Fire breaks out within five minutes in the sample(C), in which Zoysza gaponica and Populus X tomentiglandulosu has been tramped when the sample has 2~6 percent of moisture contents. Coniferous trees such as Pinus rigida and Larzx leptolepis do not burn easily while leaving charcoal. In contrast, deciduous trees with Zoysia japonzca and Populus X tomentiglandulosu are quick to catch fire. As a result of the experiments, it is proved that cigarette light is a very dangerous cause of wild fire especially for dry grass like Zoysia gaponica.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.139-145
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• 2014

Denitrification permanently removes nitrate from aquatic ecosystems, so construction of denitrification walls to enhance denitrification activity is often suggested to reduce the nitrate levels from tributary ecosystems. However, little information is available to guide the choice of appropriate organic materials for increasing denitrification rates in the walls. This study investigated how differences in organic substrates originating from litter and organic materials affected denitrification and carbon mineralization rates in riparian sediments. Potential denitrification rates were highest in riparian sediments that contained large quantities of extractable organic carbon (Ext. Org C) and that had high anaerobic carbon mineralization rates, but they were negatively correlated with C:N ratios. Therefore, this research suggested that the both carbon quantity and quality should be considered when assessing the efficiency of organic substrates to remove nitrate from tributary ecosystems.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 1998

Environmental concerns arising from synthetic herbicides in plant management systems have led to an interest in plant-derived compounds as natural herbicides. Inhibitory effects of compounds extracted with 50% methanol from corn (Zea mays L.) and pine (Pinus densiflora L.) were evaluated on large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.), annual bluegrass Poa annua L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) The aqueous extracts inhibited seed germination and had postemergence activity on the four species. The stability of biological activity of corn grain, stover, and root extracts was not affected by heating to $135^{\circ}C$ or freezing/thawing treatments when applied at levels above 0.25kg m(sup)-2 based on dry weights of powders before extraction. Heating reduced the activity of pine litter and bark extracts at all levels except the highest application level but had little effect on pine needle extracts.