• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2014

Purpose - The Korean government has revised the distribution industry development law to regulate large-scale retailer operations to protecting medium- and small-scale retailers and traditional markets. According to the revised law, large-scale retailers must follow regulations on operating hours and compulsory store closures two days per month. Based on the revised distribution industry development law, most local governments regulate operation hours and they have adopted compulsory closure programs for large-scale retail stores. However, it is argued that fresh food producers suffer from a decrease in sales based on the compulsory closure of stores operated by large-scale retailers. Large-scale retailers reduce their fresh food orders from agricultural and fishery producers because of the compulsory store closures. Fresh food producers also suffer from a decrease in prices because reduced orders lead to a decrease in auction prices based on the availability of excess goods in wholesale markets. This paper investigates the effects of operation regulations for large-scale retailers on agricultural producers by surveying agricultural and fishery producer organizations. Research design, data, methodology - A survey was conducted on 117 producer organizations of fruits and vegetables, cereals, fisheries, and livestock products from September 10 to October 4, 2012. Survey items are annual sales, shares of sales accounted for by large-scale retailers, reduction of orders and prices from large-scale retailers, methods to deal with the sales reduction, unfair trade practices of large-scale retailers, opinion of the large-scale retailer regulations, and so on. The average sales of the sampled producer organizations are 13.7 billion won and the average share of sales accounted for by large-scale retailers is 35.4%. Results - Survey results show that the sample producer organizations' sales decreased 10.1% because of the compulsory closures of stores operated by large-scale retailers. It is estimated that the total sales of producer organizations decreased 371.2 billion won because of the regulations on the operation of large-scale retailers. In addition to the direct effect of a sales decrease due to order reduction, agricultural and fishery producer organizations suffered from the secondary effect of price reduction in wholesale markets. When orders from large-scale retailers decreased, most agricultural and fishery producer organizations shipped redundant products to wholesale markets, decreasing auction prices. It was estimated that the price received decreased 21.9% when sold in other marketing channels. As producer organization sales decreased, it was reported that the labor force employed by producer organizations also decreased by 15.1%. Therefore, we can conclude that the regulations for large-scale retailer operations resulted in negative impacts on agricultural producers. Conclusions - Although the sales reduction due to the regulations for large-scale retailer operations are not great, the cumulative effects due to the continued compulsory closure of stores operated by large-scale retailers could be great. This paper suggests governmental programs that could help agricultural producer organizations to find new and effective marketing channels such as direct marketing, farmers' markets, exports, Internet shopping, and so on.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.21-44
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• 2003

The entry of large discount stores into small cities such as Choonchun or Wonju have had a profound impacts on the businesses of small-sized retailers. The impacts of the entry by large discount store will be much larger than those of the entry by department store or other small-scale retailers. Most of research studies on the competitive retail structure focused on the change of retailing in the advanced countries dynamically and investigated macro-trends in sales and market share. As a result, they tend to overlook the micro aspects of consumers" perception and actual behaviors. Furthermore, they tend to limit their research scopes to relatively competitive retailers not to overall competitive structures. In this study, we analyze the overall competitive structures by investigating the retailers" characteristics, perceptions of consumers on retailers and actual purchase of products across different types of retailers We could obtain competitive retail structure. Based on that, we discuss the strategies on the revitalization and enhancement of small-sized retailers" productivities.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.273-285
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• 2010

이 논문은 소매업체의 청과물 구입실태와 농산물 도매시장 구매의 문제점을 조사 분석하여 소매업체와 도매시장간 연계성 강화 방안을 모색하고 있다. 대형유통업체는 구매채널이 비교적 골고루 분산되어 효율적인 구매방식을 모색하고 있으나 중소 유통업체는 산지직거래 능력이 미약하여 주로 중도매인(방문구매)에 의존하고 있다. 업태별로 향후 도매시장 구입 의향을 보면, 대형유통업체와 외식/급식업체의 경우 도매시장 구입을 유지 내지 감축하려는 비율이 높고, 중소유통업체는 도매시장 구입을 확대 내지 유지하려는 경향을 보였다. 소매업체가 도매시장 구입 시 느끼는 문제점으로는 상품의 균질성 미흡과 속박이, 저온저장고 부족, 장소협소로 물류미비, 유통비용과다, 가격안정성 미흡 등이 있다. 농산물 도매시장이 시급히 개선해야 할 사항으로는 시장면적 확대로 물류효율화, 저온저장고 확충 등 시설 개선, 품질관리시스템 확립, 소분 포장 등 가공시설 확충 등인 것으로 조사되었다. 소매업체와 농산물 도매시장간 연계를 강화시키기 위해서는 도매시장 공간 확보를 통한 물류 원활화, 도매시장내 국가 검품제도 도입, 경락가격 안정화 방안 모색, 하역비 절감 방안, 소매업태별 차별화 마케팅 추진, 중도매인의 규모화 등이 필요하다. 거래제도 측면에서는 단기적으로 선취매매, 정가수의매매 등을 활성화시키고 중장기적으로는 도매상제도의 확대가 필요하다.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.79-102
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• 2012

본 연구는 대형마트, 기업 형 슈퍼마켓 (SSM) 에 대한 출점 및 영업규제를 2009년 이전과 2009년 이후로 구분하여 연구하였다. 대형마트, 기업 형 슈퍼마켓 입장에서 영업 및 출점규제 법률시행에 따른 향후영향 및 대응 방안과 대안을 제시 하고자한다. 특히 2009년 이후 기업 형 슈퍼마켓의 출점 증가로 중소상인 보호를 위하여 유통법이 개정되어 출점과 영업규제 법률이 통과되고 조례제정을 통하여 규제가 현실화되었다. 이러한 법 개정이 외국사례와 국제법과 비교해서 그 타당성의 여부를 확인하고 향후방향을 제시했으며 실질적인 영세 상인임에도 오히려 과잉규제 대상이 된 프랜차이즈 슈퍼마켓 가맹점의 선의에 피해에 대한 법률적 구제방안도 제안하고자 한다. 본격적인 규제시행으로 유통업계는 해외진출 가속화, 유통업자 상표개발확대, 해외소싱상품 개발 등 경쟁력 강화를 위한 방안을 강구하고 중소상인과 대기업간의 상생모델인 프랜차이즈 가맹사업으로 사업방향을 전환하여 실질적인 상생협업모델을 추진하고 상생협력도 구축하면서 지속적인 성장을 추구해야한다.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.9-40
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• 1996

This year marks the full liberalization(i.e., opening up) of the Korean distribution market to foreign firms. Therefore, we are likely to see much activity by foreign retailers who will be entering the Korean market and indigenous retailers trying to depend their current market positions. The liberalization of Korean distribution market will undoubtedly lead to some erosion of market share of indigenous retailers, but the benefits of rationalization of distribution, stable consumer prices, strengthened competitiveness of indigenous retailers far outweigh the costs. With liberalization, we are likely to see increased growth of "New Modes of Retailing(NMR)." In this paper, I describe the distinguishing characteristics of NMR as economies of scale, self service, large physical facilities, low-to-medium price, and systemization. I also describe the similarities and differences between the various types of NMR. Finally, I describe the fit between the various forms of NMR and the Korean consumer environment.vironment.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

Purpose -This study is to measure the effects of retail legislations on small retailers and traditional markets. Research Design, Data, and Methodology - The authors have developed a questionnaire with five hypotheses on the basis of previous research results and six constructs: the improvement of sales volume, the number of customers, the improvement of store traffic, the increase of store staff, business expansion and retail regulation. Furthermore, the research has adopted a five-point Likert-scale technique. In order to increase research reliability as well as validity, the authors have adopted a few different research techniques such as exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results - Although existing retail regulations might be better than nothing for now, the degree of retail constraints on large retailers should be strengthened. Furthermore, different legal methods to protect mom and pops are needed. Conclusions - In order to improve the effects of retail restrictions on large retailers, the research indicates that the central government should change a retail policy, that is, introduce new technical ways to keep mom and pops and conventional markets.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1999

According to the importance(production ratio) of special brand eggs, poultry farma can be classified into four types(Types I to IV). A close relation can be observed between these types and farm scale. Special brand eggs used to be the speciality of small-scale, suburban poultry farms. Recently, however, the production of these eggs has been adopted by medium and large farms, too, and is increasing throughout Japan. In particular, small-scale farms specializing in these eggs have attained a high profit and take a characteristic management from as opposed to large-scale poultry farming that adopts the \"small profit and quick returns\" strategy. Because of this, the meaning of special brand egg production to farm management differs according to farm scale. For small poultry farmers, it means securing a high profitability and for medium and large producers, improving the corporate image or meeting the needs for assortment of retailers.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영과학회 1998년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.36-39
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• 1998

It is very difficult for the large-scale retailers, who deal with tens of thousands of items, to price all the items dynamically reflecting all the constraints and policies. In spite of its importance, the prices are determined by human experts because the process of setting the prices of all the items is not established yet. To solve this problem, we adopt a mixed model that combines three typical pricing models: cost-plus model, competition-oriented model, and demand-oriented model. Since each model an be converted to a set of constraints in point and interval forms, solving the pricing problem with the three groups of models requires an algorithm which can solve the problem with weighted constraints of intervals and points. So we have devised an algorithm named “Point Determination Algorithm”. From the rules that represents tile models, the constraints are extracted to be solvable by tile Point Determination Algorithm. A prototype KAPA (Knowledge Assisted pricing Advisor) is developed with this idea using the expert system environment UNIK - a tool developed by KAIST. According to the experiment with 76 items in comparison with 53 human pricing experts we confirmed that the KAPA can perform highly consistent with human experts. This implies KAPA system is applicable to pricing millions of items dynamically.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.103-126
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• 2010

본 논문은 유통시스템의 변화와 정책적 조응이라는 관점에서 유통경쟁정책을 검토하고 있다. 일찍부터 유통정책을 체계적으로 정리하고 연구해 온 일본의 유통경쟁정책을 한국의 경우와 비교하여 차이점과 시사점을 도출하고자 했다. 이를 위해 전통적 유통시스템기, 대규모소매체인 등장이후(제1차, 제2차 재편기)로 구분하여 유통시스템의 변화과정과 각 시기에 대응한 경쟁정책, 특히 불공정거래행위 금지조치에 초점을 두었다. 한 일간 서로 흡사한 측면도 많지만 그 내용에는 상당한 차이가 존재한다. 일본의 경우, 대규모소매점 등장 이전부터 도 소매업의 분리와 독과점메이커에 의한 계열화가 진전되어 왔고, 유력 도매상은 메이커가 제시하는 가격으로 일정지역의 유통을 전담하였다. 대규모소매체인이 등장하여 점포수의 급증에도 불구하고 도매상의 이 역할은 일정기간 동안 유지될 수 있었다. 1차 재편기(1960-80년대 중반) 동안 메이커가 제시한 가격을 대형소매점이 수용했다는 점에서 제조업주도형 유통시스템은 대규모소매체인에 의한 유통시스템보다 우세했다. 그러나 대규모소매 규제 및 중소상업 진흥의 정책기조가 완화되고 정보기술이 유통과정에 유입됨으로써 대규모소매점의 체인본부가 특약도매상을 대체해 가는 2차 재편기에는 재판가유지가 무력해지는 대신 오픈가격제가 확대되고 대규모소매체인 주도의 유통시스템이 우세해졌다. 이 과정에서 불공정거래행위에 대한 조치도 주로 메이커를 겨냥했던 데서 대규모소매체인에게로 이동하게 되었다. 한국경제는 산업화가 진행하는 동안에도 유통부문의 전근대성이 충분히 해소되지 못한 채 1970년대 중반 이후 독과점시장구조로 재편되었다. 이러한 이유에서 도매상은 일본에서와 같은 역할을 수행하지 못하고 독과점메이커에 의한 제조업주도형 유통시스템에 거의 일방적으로 편입되었다. 1990년경 대규모소매체인의 폭발적인 출현과 병행하여 정보기술이 전격 도입됨으로써 체인본부의 역할이 급부상하게 되었는데, 이로 인해 대규모소매체인 유통시스템이 급격히 확대될 수 있었고, 2000년대 중반 이후에는 대규모소매체인 주도의 새로운 유통시스템이 우세를 확보하는 제2차 재편기로 접어들게 되었다. 유통시스템의 변화는 일본에 비해 매우 빠른 속도로 전개되었고, 불공정거래행위에 대한 정책적 조치도 이러한 추세를 반영하고 있다. 이상의 논의를 바탕으로 정책적 시사점을 정리해 보면, 대규모소매점의 개념이 단점경영을 기준으로 했던 데서 체인경영으로 이동시킬 필요성, 면적 및 매출액 기준의 타당성 검토, 대규모소매점 개설시 허가제 내지 사전심사제로의 전환, 공정거래위원회의 독립성 확보의 필요성, 위반유형의 지속적인 발굴 노력 및 환경변화에 대응할 수 있는 심사지침 마련, 그리고 행위주체별 통계의 유지와 정책효과를 판단할 수 있는 조사실시 등이다.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2021

Purpose - This study investigated the development process of the Chinese distribution industry and analyzed the current status of China's offline and online distribution industries under the development process of the Chinese distribution industry. In addition, the current status of offline distributors in China and representative companies were analyzed as case studies. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzed the overall environment of the Chinese distribution industry by using literature data. Then, this study conducted a case analysis using RT Mart and Jingdong, major companies in the distribution industry. Result -The main research results of this study show that the Chinese distribution market has already matured, and retailers are fiercely competing to secure sales and operating profits through various methods such as finding new management methods, improving awareness and customer loyalty by expanding the number of stores. Conclusion -Recently, the characteristic of China's distribution industry is that the boundaries of distribution are breaking down. Chinese retailers are taking strategies to expand the scope of services by erasing the boundaries of distribution. In other words, distribution companies are promoting a borderless distribution strategy in which consumers purchase products online and offline without restrictions on time and space. In addition, small stores in residential areas are on the rise compared to large-scale stores in the city center. The existing distribution industry operates various types of distribution stores to prepare for the post-COVID-19 crisis.