• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.112-122
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• 2016

The study aims to furnish the data for the study of invigorating communities of various ages including old people living alone. Furthermore, it seems that the laddering method and kj method can be useful for the study of various attitude survey. This study attempted to extract necessary factors for space for community behavior of elderly people living alone using laddering survey method and KJ rule on a sample of elderly people who live alone in three different rental housings. The keywords that were drawn from the perception survey through laddering were divided into small, middle and large classification using KJ rule. Mostly identical keywords were extracted in the three complexes, implying that there is no difference of perception among the three complexes in this survey. According to the large classification where KJ rule was applied, there were six necessary factors for space for community activity of elderly people living alone in rental housing including spatial consideration, communication, resting space, nature-friendliness, health promotion and Secure identity, which were the same for all of the three complexes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.88-99
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• 2019

This study aims to conduct a depth analysis of motivation and value of local residents and tourists based on means-end chain theory. The sampling of the study was conducted on local residents living near downtown area of Gyeong-ju City, and tourists through soft laddering and hard laddering methods. A mutual correlation model in relation with Hierarchical Value Map (HVM) for each group by conducting the analysis of factor loading (attributes, consequences, value) and cognitive structure (the correlations among attributes, consequences and value) was proposed and the comparisons of HVM for each group was also conducted. The structured questionnaires using Association Pattern Technique (APT) of hard laddering were utilized to analyze the means and end of value chain structures in terms of the attributes, consequences, value of Gyeong-ju Ancient Tombs. The findings propose that local residents are visiting Ancient Tombs Gyeong-ju City Center for 'Rest and take a walk' as the means, which results in 'Relieving stress' and eventually leads to the 'Improvement of historic and cultural cultivation' as the end. On the other hand, tourists also 'Rest and take a walk' as the mean, which also leads to 'Relieving stress'. However, unlike local residents, it eventually leads to 'Self-reflection and healing' as the end. It is expected that the findings of this study not only recommend us to consider preserving and managing cultural heritages and value of ancient tombs in developing "Ancient Tomb Park in Gyoneg-ju City Center" but also provides baseline data for the establishment of reasonable plans of utilizing tombs, historical and cultural heritages.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.152-159
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze how consumers make links between convenience meat products and self-relevant consequences and value. Surveys on convenience meat product consumption patterns and hard laddering based on means-end chain theory were conducted from April 21 to April 25, 2014 and targeted 200 consumers in the US. The most preferred cooking method of convenience meat product was roast (25.9%) and the most common information medium was suggestions by friends and parents (37.1%). The main as well as desired places of purchasing were both the supermarket (33.6% and 27.3%, respectively). The most preferred promotion method was free sample events (38.5%). From analyzing means-end chains of convenience meat products, the most dominant value chain was 'taste (A)'-'good taste (C)'-'feel good (V)'. These results show that consumption of convenience meat products will increase when consumer expectations of taste and satisfaction are met. Further, results of the value measurement provide information on consumer satisfaction and needs and can be applied to set marketing strategies for Korean style convenience meat products.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.21-36
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• 2021

This study investigated the means-end chain theory more concretely through the APT hard laddering technique. This is carrying out a questionnaire survey targeting users by hair salon type, and the items drawn from the qualitative laddering technique are applied. The technique is a comparative analysis of each attribute, consequences, and value item by analyzing each step's questions. The results are as follows. First, hairdresser's ability, acceptance of individual-customized opinions, and cheap price were the most mentioned items in the selection attributes. As for the consequences items, image transformation, neatness, novelty, and psychological stability were drawn in order. The items indicated as important among the value items were satisfaction, followed by happiness, confidence, beauty, and bond. Second, the remarkable selection attributes, irrelevant of hair salon type, was revealed as hairdresser's ability and the key values pursued when using a hair salon were drawn as satisfaction, confidence, and beauty. From this result, it was found that meeting the desire of consumers using hair salons can be linked with ultimately pursued values. It was also verified that partial differences were shown by hair salon type and this meant that consumers' desire and expected benefits were different by hair salon type. Although this study drew value perception through comparison with hair salon types based on the means-end chain theory, it was confirmed that the most important selection attribute was hairdresser's ability and they select and use hair salons to gain satisfaction and confidence.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2022

With the spread of social networks, platform-based social commerce has grown rapidly with the use of multiple smart devices. Given the rapid growth of social commerce sites such as Coupang and Ticket Monster, it is very important to understand the user's purchase decision-making process in a social commerce environment. The purpose of this study is to develop a richer understanding of the goals of users using social commerce. Second, a methodological alternative for analyzing the user's goals is introduced. In this study, laddering interview and means-end chain analysis were used. As a result of interview conducted on 40 users who have more than 6 months of purchasing experience using social commerce, a hierarchical goal map showing the user's goal structure was derived. This map contains 22 ultimate goals of social commerce, including warm relationships with others, fun and enjoyment of shopping, accomplishment, satisfaction, financial saving, and convenience. In addition, there are various paths from activities to ultimate goals, so investigating the goals pursued by users can give us insight into understanding user.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2001

Nowadays, The market environment is not static, but dynamic, it therefore requires global competition for the competitive advantage of product design in global market across boundaries. So if companies do not thoroughly understand core values, needs of consumers, and do not properly meet them, they cannot get the competitive advantage in global market for consumers. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a new design process for global markets through developing the on-line research analysis program and data-base. For this study, the researchers established a research framework associated with values, benefits and design attributes and developed a Global Design Process program through empirical researches. This research program is a upgraded system adapted to the digital period drastically.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.349-355
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• 2007

장수풍뎅이 유충(Allomyrina dichotoma larva, ADL)은 중국의 전통 약재로서, 특히 항산화 효과가 우수하여 항당료 제재로 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 ADL의 추출물을 이용하여 헴스터 췌장의 ${\beta}$-세포(HIT-T15)에서 Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 산화적 손상에 대한 보호효과 및 그 작용기전을 조사하였다. ADL추출물은 처리농도 의존적으로 Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 지질과산화 및 세포 내 자유산 소종의 양을 억제함으로서 ${\beta}$-세포의 산화적 스트레스에 의한 손상을 보호하였다. 또한 DNA laddering 방법을 사용하여 Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 DNA 손상을 조사한 결과, ADL추출물 처리농도에 비례하여 Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 DNA 손상이 감소하였다. 이러한 산화적 손상의 억제능 관련 작용 기전을 조사하기 위해 DPPH free radical 소거능을 실시하였다. 그 결과 ADL추출물 자체가 DPPH 자유 레디컬 소거능이 있음을 확인하였으며, 또한 플라스미드를 이용한 Single-strand break 방법을 통한 DNA 손상 보호능을 측정한 결과도 $Fe^{3+}$ 및 $H_2O_2$에 의해 유발된 DNA 손상이 ADL추출물 처리농도에 비례하여 감소하였다. 이러한 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때, 장수풍뎅이 유충의 추출물들이 자체의 레디컬 소거능 및 산화적 손상에 의한 DNA손상을 억제함으로써, Streptozotocin에 의해 유발된 산화적 손상을 억제할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1581-1590
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• 2009

Hizikia fusiforme is a kind of brown edible seaweed that mainly grows in the temperate seaside areas of the northwest pacific, including Korea, Japan and China, and has been widely used as a health food for hundreds of years. Recently, H. fusiforme has been known to exert pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticoagulant activities. However, the molecular mechanisms of H. fusiforme in malignant cells have not been clearly elucidated yet. In this study, the effects of ethyl alcohol extract of H. fusiforme (EAHF) on the anti-proliferative effects of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were investigated. EAHF treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent growth inhibition by including apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells and G1 phase arrest in MCF-7 cells, which could be proved by MTT assay, DAPI staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry analysis. In MDA-MB-231 cells, the increase in apoptosis induced by EAHF treatment correlated with up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax expression. EAHF treatment induced the proteolytic activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and a concomitant inhibition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, $\beta$-catenin, phospholipase-${\gamma}1$ protein and DNA fragmentation factor 45/inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase. Taken together, these findings provide important new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity of H. fusiforme.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2001

The main constituent of green tea, catechins have been reported to have numberous biological anti-vites including antimutagenic, antibacterial, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant and antitumor properties. In the present study, we examined the protective effect of catechin on UVB-induced skin damage. Catechin (3 mg/mouse) was topically treated to dorsal area of SHK-1 hairless mouse daily for 2 weeks. UVB (100 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$) was also treated soon after application of catechin alone or with catechin for 2 weeks. Catechin reduced UVB-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells, fibrosis of cells and collagen-fiber formation. In addition, catechin also prevented UVB-induced DNA fragmentation and apoptosis cell number, but not changed p53 level. Furthermore catechin inhibited UVB-induced cell proliferation. There results showed that catechin have preventive effect aganinst UVB-induced skin damages. and these effects could contribute to the antitumor promoters activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1321-1331
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to separate the photosensitizer that induces apoptosis of U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells from Nostoc commune. Dried N. commune was extracted with $CH_2Cl_2/MeOH$ (1:1) to separate the photosensitizer using various chromatographic techniques. The isolated compound was identified as pheophytin a ($C_{55}H_{74}N_4O_5$) with a molecular weight of 870. Its photodynamic activities were assessed under different irradiation conditions (light and non-light) at the same concentration range of $1.15-23.0{\mu}M$. The apoptosis inducing activity in U937 or SK-HEP-1 cells appeared only in the light. The mechanisms underlying the pheophytin a-mediated photodynamic inhibition of cancer cells were further investigated by examining cell morphology changes, cytotoxicity, caspase-3/7 activity, fluorescence staining, flow cytometry analysis, and DNA fragmentation in these two cell lines. The positive control and the light irradiation group showed typical apoptotic responses, including morphological changes, cytotoxicity, caspase activity, nucleus shrinkage owing to chromatin condensation, DNA laddering, and the presence of apoptotic bodies. Cytotoxicity markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner after a 12 hr exposure. Caspase-3/7 activity was higher in U937 cells than in SK-HEP-1 cells. Apoptosis induction therefore appeared to be both concentration- and light-dependent. In conclusion, pheophytin a, isolated from the blue green alga N. commune, had a photodynamic apoptosis-inducing effect on U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells. The findings reported here can be used as basic data for the development of next-generation photosensitizers from N. commune.