• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2021

Yeast strains are capable of hydrolyzing non-digestible saccharides, such as melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose, found in soy meal components. This study revealed the biochemical properties of fermented soybean meal during 72 hours with kefir. Starchyose and raffinose, non-digestible components, were almost digested in kefir 150 mL + soybean meal 500 g + water 70 mL and galactose was produced. Proteolysis of the soybean meal produced most of the small molecule peptides in kefir 150 mL + soybean meal 500 g + water 70 mL. The production of the vitamin B group and C were the highest in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The yeast number of the fermented soybean meal was 7.0 × 10⁶ CFU·mL^-1 which was the highest in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The lactic acid bacteria of the fermented soybean meal was the highest at 3.5 × 10⁹ CFU·mL^-1 in kefir 70 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The antioxidant effect was the highest at 57% in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. Expression of inflammation-related cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL]-6) was significantly inhibited in fermented soybean meals with different treatments. These results suggest that fermented soybean meal by kefir has an antiinflammatory and anti-oxidation activity and could be utilized in feed manufacturing, and inhydrolyzing non-digestible soy meal components.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.555-563
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to confirm the quality characteristics of distilled soju with different rice pretreatment processes. The non-steamed fermentation method is a technology that uses starch to produce saccharification and alcohol without going through the steaming of raw materials. It has advantages such as reduction of manpower and cost, prevention of nutrient loss, and minimization of waste water. In this study, rice used were non-steamed and pulverized 'Baromi2', nonsteamed and steamed 'Samgwang', and puffed rice. As the fermenting agent, koji, modified nuruk, N9 yeast, and purified enzyme were used, and lactic acid was added to prevent contamination during fermentation. The amount of water was 300% in total, and after the first watering, 5 days after fermentation, the second watering was carried out. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the non-steamed fermentation method using 'Baromi' was superior to the existing fermentation method in terms of temperature during fermentation, final alcohol content, soluble solids, and pH. By expanding the stability of the production technology of non-steamed fermentation technology, product quality improvement can be expected.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.1117-1131
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• 2022

Previous studies reported that Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis HY8002 (HY8002) improved intestinal integrity and had immunomodulatory effects. Lactobacillus plantarum HY7717 (HY7717) was screened in vitro from among 21 other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and demonstrated nitric oxide (NO) production. The aims of this study were to investigate the individual and combined ex vivo and in vivo effects of LAB strains HY8002 and HY7717 at immunostimulating mice that have been challenged with an immunosuppressant drug. The combination of HY8002 and HY7717 increased the secretion of cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in splenocytes. In a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression model, administration of the foregoing LAB combination improved the splenic and hematological indices, activated natural killer (NK) cells, and up-regulated plasma immunoglobulins and cytokines. Moreover, this combination treatment increased Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression. The ability of the combination treatment to upregulate IFN-γ and TNF-α in the splenocytes was inhibited by anti-TLR2 antibody. Hence, the immune responses stimulated by the combination of HY8002 and HY7717 are associated with TLR2 activation. The preceding findings suggest that the combination of the HY8002 and HY7717 LAB strains could prove to be a beneficial and efficacious immunostimulant probiotic supplement. The combination of the two probiotic strains will be applied on the dairy foods including yogurt and cheese.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.577-586
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing quercetin extracted from Sophora japonica flower (QS) to the diet of broiler chicks on their growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, cecal microbiota, serum lipid profiles, relative organ weight, and breast muscle quality. Methods: A total of 1,088 1-day-old broiler chicks (mixed sex) were randomly assigned to four groups based on the initial body weight (43.00±0.29 g). The experimental period was 35 days (starter, days 0 to 7; grower, days 7 to 21; finisher, days 21 to 35). There were 17 replicate cages per treatment and 16 birds per cage. Dietary treatments consisted of birds receiving basal diet without quercetin as the control group and treatment groups consisted of birds fed basal diet supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 g/kg QS. Results: With the increase of the QS dosage, body weight gain during days 0 to 7 (p = 0.021), 7 to 21 (p = 0.010), and 1 to 35 (p = 0.045), feed intake during days 0 to 7 (p = 0.037) and 1 to 35 (p = 0.025), apparent dry matter digestibility (p = 0.008), apparent energy retention (p = 0.004), cecal lactic acid bacteria counts (p = 0.023), the relative weight of breast muscle (p = 0.014), pH value from breast muscle (p<0.001), and the water holding capacity of breast muscle (p = 0.012) increased linearly, whereas the drip loss from breast muscle (p = 0.001) decreased linearly. Conclusion: The addition of QS in the diet of broiler chicks had positive effects on the breast muscle yield and breast muscle quality, and improved the dry matter digestibility and energy retention by increasing cecal beneficial bacteria counts, thus improving growth performance.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding active dry yeast (ADY) and yeast culture (YC) on fecal bacterial community in finishing bulls fed high-concentrate diets in the same experimental environment. Methods: Forty-five healthy finishing cattle (Simmental×Chinese Luxi yellow bulls; 24 months; 505±29 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: i) CON group (control group, only fed basal diet), ii) ADY group (fed basal diet + active dry yeast), and iii) YC group (fed basal diet + yeast culture). At the end of the trial, nine rectum fecal samples were randomly selected from each group for bacterial DNA sequencing. Results: There was no difference among groups about alpha diversity indices (all p>0.05), including ACE, Chao 1, Shannon, and Simpson indices. Principal component analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed a high similarity among three groups. Compared with CON group, ADY and YC groups had greater relative abundance of c_Clostridia, o_Oscillospirales, and f_Oscillospiraceae, but lesser relative abundance of g_Megasphaera, and s_Megasphaera_elsdenii (all p<0.01). And, the relative abundances of p_Firmicutes (p = 0.03), s_Prevotella_sp (p = 0.03), o_Clostridiales (p<0.01), g_Clostridium (p<0.01), f_Caloramatoraceae (p<0.01), and f_Ruminococcaceae (p = 0.04) were increased in the ADY group. The PICRUSt2 prediction results showed that the metabolic pathways had no significant differences among groups (p>0.05). Besides, the relative abundance of c_Clostridia (r = 0.42), and f_Oscillospiraceae (r = 0.40) were positively correlated to average daily gain of finishing bulls (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both of ADY and YC had no effect on diversity of fecal bacteria in finishing bulls, but the supplementation of ADY and YC can improve the large intestinal function in finishing bulls by increasing the abundance of cellulolytic bacteria and altering the abundance of lactic acid-utilizing bacteria.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2006

담양 염장 죽순을 첨가한 요구르트를 개발하기 위해 죽순에 함유되어 있는 일반성분을 분석하였고, 관능검사를 통해 최적 발효조건과 죽순첨가 형태를 결정하였다. 죽순은 수분함량이 82.59 %, 단백질 4.56 %, 지질 0.52 %, 회분 0.50 %, 그리고 식이섬유소가 11.72 %(w/w) 함유되어 있었으며, 무기질은 Ca, P, S, Na, Mg, K 순서로 높은 함량을 보였다. 죽순을 첨가하기 위한 요구르트는 ABT-5 미생물을 0.005 % 접종하여 $40\;^{\circ}C$에서 13시간 발효시켰으며, 요구르트 첨가용 죽순은 형태를 달리하여 관능검사를 실시한 결과 $5{\times}5{\times}5\;mm$ 크기로 절단한 죽순을 50 % 설탕에 절임하여 15 %(w/w) 비율로 첨가한 시료의 선호도가 가장 높았다. 이와 같이 제조된 죽순 요구르트는 $4\;^{\circ}C$ 냉장온도에서 15일 동안 저장 중 pH와 산 생성, 젖산균수, 그리고 비피더스균수의 변화가 나타나지 않아 저장성이 우수였다. 따라서 죽순 첨가 호상요구르트는 기호성과 품질 특성이 우수하고 영양학적으로도 훌륭한 상품적 가치가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1628-1634
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• 2022

Objective: This study focused on the effect of dietary metallo-protease and Bacillus velezensis CE 100 on growth performance, carcass parameters, intestinal microflora, footpad dermatitis (FPD), and manure odor in broiler chickens. Methods: One hundred-ten (two-day-old Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five groups with two replicate pens. The dietary treatments were divided to control, metallo-protease groups (A1, added with 0.1%; A2, added with 0.2%) and B. velezensis CE 100 groups (B1, added with 0.5%; B2, added with 1.0%). Results: The feed intake was decreased in A1 and B2 compared to the other group (p<0.05). The liver weight was lower in B2 than in A2 (p<0.05). The Salmonella in the cecum was decreased in A2 compared to control and A1 (p<0.05). However, the lactic acid bacteria were increased in all treatments (p<0.05). The litter moisture content was decreased in A2, B1, and B2 (p<0.05). The litter quality visual score was increased in all treatments (p<0.05). The FPD score and prevalence were reduced in all treatments (p<0.05). The (CH₃)₂S emission was decreased in all treatments (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study indicated that both additives improve litter quality and reduce the incidence of FPD. These findings suggest that dietary metallo-protease and B. velezensis CE 100 have the potential to improve the broiler chickens' welfare.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.1440-1451
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a water-soluble microencapsulation method for probiotic strains using gum Arabic (GA) and skim milk (SKM) over a three-month storage period following processing. Methods: Four strains of Pediococcus acidilactici (BYF26, BYF20, BF9, and BF14) that were typical lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the chicken gut were mixed with different ratios of GA and SKM as coating agents before spray drying at an inlet temperature 140℃. After processing, the survivability and probiotic qualities of the strains were assessed from two weeks to three months of storage at varied temperatures, and de-encapsulation was performed to confirm the soluble properties. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the probiotics was assessed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Results: As shown by scanning electron microscopy, spray-drying produced a spherical, white-yellow powder. The encapsulation efficacy (percent) was greatest for a coating containing a combination of 30% gum Arabic: 30% skim milk (w/v) (GA:SKM30) compared to lower concentrations of the two ingredients (p<0.05). Coating with GA:SKM30 (w/v) significantly enhanced (p<0.05) BYF26 survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2.5 to 3) and maintained higher survival rates compared to non-encapsulated cells under an artificial intestinal juices condition of pH 6. De-encapsulation tests indicated that the encapsulated powder dissolved in water while keeping viable cell counts within the effective range of 10⁶ for 6 hours. In addition, following three months storage at 4℃, microencapsulation of BYF26 in GA:SKM30 maintained both the number of viable cells (p<0.05) and the preparation's antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria, specifically strains of Salmonella. Conclusion: Our prototype water-soluble probiotic microencapsulation GA:SKM30 effectively maintains LAB characteristics and survival rates, demonstrating its potential for use in preserving probiotic strains that can be used in chickens and potentially in other livestock.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.389-398
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• 2010

본 연구는 3종류의 B. subtilis 균주를 이용하여 제조한 생균제를 산란계 사료에 급여시 난 생산성, 난질, 난황 내 콜레스테롤, 장 내미생물 조성 및 경골 내 성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 76주령의 Hy-Line Variety Brown 산란계 160수를 공시하여 모두 4개 처리구에 4반복(반복당 10수)로 임의배치 후 6주간의 사양실험을 실시하였다. 산란계용 사료는 옥수수 대두박을 기초로 하여 대사에너지 2,700 kcal/kg와 조단백질 15.5%인 일반 사료 급여구를 대조구로 하였으며, (Tl) 처리구에는 B. subtilis Ch3을 0.05%, (T2) 처리구에는 B. subtilis Ch3 + B. subtilis W1 혼합제제를 0.05%, (T3) 처리구에는 시판되고 있는 B. subtilis 제품을 0.05% 수준으로 대조구 사료에 각각 혼합하여 급여하였다. 실험기간 동안의 난 생산성, 수당 사료섭취량, 난중 및 일 산란량 모두 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 난각 강도와 Haugh unit에서는 대조구와 비교하여 처리구에서 개선되었으며 (P<0.05), 간 내 GOT 및 GPT 효소는 처리구 간에 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 맹장 내 총 균수와 lactic acid bacteria의 균수가 대조구와 비교하여 처리구에서 유의하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 하지만 Coliforms 균수는 처리 간에 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 난황과 혈액 내 콜레스테롤 농도는 대조구와 비교하여 처리구에서 감소하였다(P<0.05). 또한 혈액 내 인지질도 대조구에 비교하여 처리구에서 감소하는 경향이 나타났다(P<0.05). 경골 파쇄강도는 처리간에 차이가 없었으나, 경골 내 회분 함량은 대조구와 비교하여 모든 실험구에서 개선시키는 결과가 관찰되었다 (P<0.05). 따라서 본 실험은 산란후기 사료 내 각각의 B. subtilis 균주를 첨가 급여 하였을 때 난각 강도와 Haugh unit를 개선시키는 효과가 관찰되었고 장내의 총 균수와 유산균 수를 증가시킴으로써 유리한 장 내 환경으로 개선시켰으며 또한 난황과 혈액 내 콜레스테롤을 감소시키는 효과가 나타났다. 또한 각각 3종류의 B. subtilis 첨가 급여 효과로 경골 내 회분 함량을 증가시킨 결과로 보아 Ca과 P과 같은 무기질 영양소의 체내 대사 이용률이 개선될 가능성이 시사되었다. 이와 같은 측면에 접근하여 B. subtilis의 수준별 첨가로 인한 혈액 및 경골의 Ca과 P의 축적률 변화와 사료 내 하향 수준의 무기질 공급 등의 추후 연구조사가 이뤄져야 할 가치가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.212-216
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• 1981

호흡효소계의 영향을 미치는 vanillin, o-vanillin, guaiacol을 lactic acid 발효능이 있는 Lactobacillus bulgaricus에 처리한 후 합성배지에서 25시간동안 발효시킨 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 25시간 배양 후 도달한 균체농도는 vanllin 처리균의 경우 50ppm, 100ppn에서 각각 0.96UOD/ml, 0.29UOD/mg, 이고 o-vanillin의 경우 50ppn, 100ppm이 각각 0.40 UOD/ml, 0.45UOD/ml이며 guaiacol 경우 50ppm, 100ppn이 각각 0.49UOD/ml, 0.47 UOD/ml로 나타났다. 2) 배양후 포도당 잔량은 vanillin의 경수 50ppm, 100ppm이 각각 23.5g/1, 32.8g/1이고 o-vanillin의 500ppm, 100ppm이 각각 31.5g/1, 29.5g/l 이며 guaiacol 은 50 ppm. 100 ppm 이 각각 28.0g/1, 28.8g/l 였다. 3) specific growth rate는 vanillin의 경우 500ppm 및 100ppm이 각각 $0.44hr^{-1},\;0.15hr^{-1}$ 이고 o-vanillin의 경우 50ppm, 100ppm이 각각 $0.28hr^{-1},\;0.29hr^{-1}$ 이며 guaicol의 경우는 500ppm, 100ppm이 각각 $0.37hr^{-1},\;0.34hr^{-1}$이었다. 4) Specific production rate 는 vanillin의 경우 50ppm 및 100ppm 각각 $0.36hr^{-1},\;0.15hr^{-1}$이고 o-vanillln의 경우 50ppm, 100ppm이 각각 $0.16hr^{-1},\;0.22hr^{-1}$이며 guaiacol의 경우 50ppm, 100ppm이 각각 $0.28hr^{-1},\;0.26hr^{-1}$이었다.