• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.156-165
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• 2006

Convective boiling heat transfer coefficients were measured in a horizontal minichannel with R-l34a. The test section was made of stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 3.0 mm and a length of 2m. It was uniformly heated by applying electric current directly to the tube. Local heat transfer coefficients were obtained for heat fluxes from 10 to $40kW/m^2$, mass fluxes from 200 to $600kgT/m^2s$, qualities up to 1.0, and the inlet saturation temperature of $10^{\circ}C$. The experimental results were mapped on Wojtan et $al.'s^(7)$ and Wang et $al.'s^(8)$ flow pattern maps. The nucleate boiling was predominant at low vapor quality whereas the convective boiling was predominant at high vapor quality. Laminar flow appeared in the flow with minichannel. The experimental results were compared with six existing two-phase heat transfer coefficient correlations. A new boiling heat transfer coefficient correlation based on the superposition model for refrigerants was developed with mean and average deviations of 10.39% and -3.66%, respectively.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2005

Bi-22l2 tubes for fault current limiter (FCL) were fabricated by centrifugal melting process. $SrSO_4$ ($10\;wt.\;\%$) was added to Bi-2212 powder to lower the melting point of Bi-22l2 and to improve the mechanical properties. The BSCCO powder was completely melted at $1300\;^{\circ}C$ using the RF furnace and then poured into rotating steel mold. The steel mold, preheated at $450\;{\circ}C{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ for 2 hour was rotated at $1020{\sim}2520\;RPM$. The solidified BSCCO tube was cooled down to room temperature in the furnace for 48 hours and separated from the mold between Bi-2212 and the mold. $ZrO_2$ solution was used to separate it easily from the mold and Ag tape was attached in the mold inner wall of the mold to analysis electrical property. Bi-22l2 tube was often cracked when the cooling rate was high. BSCCO tubes with $70{\Phi}{\times}100\;mm,\;50{\Phi}{\times}100\;mm$ and $30{\Phi}{\times}150\;mm$ size were fabricated by centrifugal melting process. The $J_{c}s$ of tubes with $50{\Phi}{\times}100\;mm{\times}4.0\;t$ and $50{\Phi}{\times}100\;mm{\times}4.l\;t$ were 178 and $74.2\;A/cm^2$ at 77K, respectively. The processing condition for Bi-2212 tube fabrication was investigated using XRD and SEM analyses.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2023

전산화단층촬영조영술(computer tomography angiography, CTA)의 최적 화질을 위한 서로 다른 요오드 농도와 스캔 매개변수를 적용하여 필터 보정 역투영 (filtered back projection, FBP), 혼합형 반복재구성 (hybrid-iterative reconstruction, hybrid-IR) 및 딥러닝 재구성 (deep learning reconstruction, DLR)의 화질적 특성을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 320행 검출기 CT 스캐너에서 지름 19 cm의 원통형 물 팬텀 가장자리에 있는 다양한 요오드 농도 (1.2, 2.9, 4.9, 6.9, 10.4, 14.3, 18.4 및 25.9 mg/mL)의 팬텀을 스캔하였다. 각각의 재구성 기술을 사용하여 획득한 데이터는 노이즈 (noise), 변동 계수 (coefficient of variation, COV) 및 평균 제곱근 오차 (root mean square error, RMSE)을 통해 영상을 분석하였다. 요오드의 농도가 증가할수록 CT number 값은 증가하였지만 노이즈 변화는 특별한 특성을 보이지 않았다. 다양한 관전류 및 관전압에서 FBP, adaptive iterative dose reduction (AIDR) 3D 및 advanced intelligent clear-IQ engine (AiCE)에 대해 요오드 농도를 증가할수록 COV는 감소하였고 요오드 농도가 낮을 때는 재구성 기술 간의 COV 차이가 다소 발생하였지만, 요오드 농도가 높아짐에 따라 그 차이는 미약한 결과를 보였다. 또한, AiCE에서는 요오드 농도가 높아질수록 RMSE는 감소하지만 특정한 농도 (4.9 mg/mL) 이후에는 RMSE가 오히려 증가 되는 특성을 보여주었다. 따라서 최적의 CTA 영상 획득을 위해 재구성 기술에 따른 요오드 농도의 변화 및 다양한 관전류 및 관전압의 스캔 매개변수의 특성을 고려하여 환자 스캔을 해야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.251-260
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was evaluating the applicability of the circulation dielectric barrier plasma process (DBD) for efficiently treating non-biodegradable wastewater, such as phenol. Methods: The DBD plasma reactor system in this study consisted of a plasma reactor (discharge, ground electrode and quartz dielectric tube, external tube), high voltage source, air supply and reservoir. Effects of the operating parameters on the degradation of phenol and $UV_{254}$ absorbance such as first voltage (60-180 V), oxygen supply rate (0.5-3 l/min), liquid circulation rate (1.5-7 l/min), pH (3.02-11.06) and initial phenol concentration (12.5-100 mg/l) were investigated. Results: Experimental results showed that optimum first voltage, oxygen supply rate, and liquid circulation rate on phenol degradation were 160 V, 1 l/min, and 4.5 l/min, respectively. The removal efficiency of phenol increased with the increase in the initial pH of the phenol solution. To obtain a removal efficiency of phenol and COD of phenol of over 97% (initial phenol concentration, 50.0 mg/l), 15 min and 180 minutes was needed, respectively. Conclusions: It was considered that the absorbance of $UV_{254}$ for phenol degradation can be used as an indirect indicator of change in non-biodegradable organic compounds. Mineralization of the phenol solution may take a relatively longer time than that required for phenol degradation.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.282-288
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• 2013

In nature, the population of Nosema bombycis (Microsporidia) causing pebrine disease is small and their development is extremely slow and only few ultimately producing spores. Pebrine infected silkworm, Bombyx mori larvae collected from sericulture field were alive till $3^{rd}$ generation though the concentration of N.bombycis spore was very high ($2.4-3.0{\times}10^8$ spores. $mL^{-1}$). All larvae were died during $4^{th}$ generation with extremely high concentration of pebrine spores ($3.0-4.0{\times}10^9$ spores. $mL^{-1}$) and mostly contain long polar tube (LT). Alternately, all larvae were died immediately (at $3^{rd}$ stage of $1^{st}$ generation) when it was artificially inoculated with same concentration of N.bombycis spores harvested from field ($2.4-3.0{\times}10^8$ spores. $mL^{-1}$) though concentration of spores harvest was very less ($3.0-4.0{\times}10^6$ spores. $mL^{-1}$) and mostly contain short polar tube (ST). Artificially pebrine infected male moth when mated with healthy female moth took six generations to develop pebrine disease and all larvae were died at the $2^{nd}$ stage with very less spore harvest ($3.0-10.0{\times}10^6$ spores. $mL^{-1}$). Survival percentage was increased in all generations (~92.0% at $4^{th}$ generation) when silkworm rearing was conducted under new integrated disease management system.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.517-527
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• 2017

In this paper, the effect of active confinement on the compressive behaviour of circular steel tube-confined concrete (STCC) and concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns is investigated. In STCC columns the axial load is only applied to the concrete core, while in CFST columns the load is carried by the whole composite section. A new method is introduced to apply confining pressure on fresh concrete by laterally prestressing steel tubes. In order to achieve different prestressing levels, short-term and long-term pressures are applied to the fresh concrete. Three groups of STCC and CFST specimens (passive, S-active and L-active groups) are tested under axial loads. The results including stress-strain relationships of composite column components, secant modulus of elasticity, and volumetric strain are presented and discussed. Based on the elastic-plastic theory, the behaviour of the steel tube is also analyzed during elastic, yielding, and strain hardening stages. The results show that using the proposed prestressing method can considerably improve the compressive behaviour of both STCC and CFST specimens, while increasing the prestressing level has insignificant effects. By applying prestressing, the linear range in the stress-strain curve of STCC specimens increases by almost twice as much, while the improvement is negligible in CFST specimens.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.299-314
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• 2017

The aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Filled Steel Tube (LWCFST) columns experimentally and compare to the behavior of Self-Compacted Concrete Filled Steel Tube (SCCFST) columns under axial loading. Four different L/D ratios and three D/t ratios were used in the experimental program to delve into the compression behaviours. Compressive strength of the LWC and SCC are 33.47 MPa and 39.71 MPa, respectively. Compressive loading versus end shortening curves and the failure mode of sixteen specimens were compared and discussed. The design specification formulations of AIJ 2001, AISC 360-16, and EC4 were also assessed against test results to underline the performance of specification methods in predicting the compression capacity of LWCFST and SCCFST columns. Based on the behaviour of the SCCFST columns, LWCFST columns exhibited different performances, especially in ductility and failure mode. The nature of the utilized lightweight aggregate led to local buckling mode to be dominant in LWCFST columns, even the long LWCFST specimens suffered from this behaviour. While with the SCCFST specimens the global buckling governed the failure mode of long specimens without any loss in capacity. Considering a wide range of column geometries (short, medium and long columns), this paper extends the current knowledge in composite construction by examining the potential of two promising and innovative structural concrete types in CFST applications.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.369-377
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• 2003

Since Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes have a high risk for the formation of blisters during their operation in pressurized heavy water reactors, there has been a strong incentive to develop a method for the non-destructive detection of blisters grown on the tube surfaces. However, because there is little mismatch in acoustic impedance between the hydride blisters and zirconium matrix, it is not easy to distinguish the boundary between the blister and zirconium matrix with conventional ultrasonic methods. This study has focused on the development of a special ultrasonic method, so called ultrasonic velocity ratio method for a reliable detection of blisters formed on Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes. Hydride blisters were grown on the outer surface of the Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube using a cold finger attached to a steady state thermal diffusion equipment. To maximize a difference in the ultrasonic velocity in hydride blisters and the zirconium matrix, the ultrasonic velocity ratio of longitudinal wave to shear wave, $V_L/V_S$, has been determined based on the flight time of the longitudinal echo and reflected shear echo from the outer surface of the tubes. The feasibility of the ultrasonic velocity ratio method is confirmed by comparing the contour plots reproduced by this method with those of the blisters grown on the Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.527-533
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• 2016

대기압 상태인 물의 내부에 설치된 튜브의 경사각이 풀비등 열전달계수에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 새로운 실험식을 개발하였다. 실험과 기존에 발표된 결과들에 대한 조사를 통하여 431개의 실험값을 결정하였으며, 회귀분석 기법으로 비선형 최소자승법을 사용하였다. 열유속($0{\sim}120kW/m^2$), 경사각($0^{\circ}{\sim}90^{\circ}$), 튜브 길이를 직경으로 나눈 값(18~42.52)을 주요 매개변수로 선정하였다. 새롭게 개발된 상관식은 약간의 예외를 제외하면 실험값을 ${\pm}18%$ 범위 내에서 잘 예측한다.

• 복합신소재구조학회 논문집
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2015

CFST columns are structurally superior because the concrete inside the steel tubes prevents local buckling at the tubes and the tubes confine the concrete. And, the thickness of steel tube in CFST column has been thinner with development of high-strengh steel. The thinner the steel tube of a square CFST column is, the more local buckling is likely to occur. For this reason, we developed welded built-up square steel tube with stiffeners which are placed at the center of the tube width acts as an anchor. In this study, we conduct experimental test for three specimens of the 4m long span welded built-up square CFT column with parameters of L/D and D/t. And, the test results were compared with the analysis results by M-${\phi}$-P Program.