• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.250-256
• /
• 1998

D-Tagatose의 생산 가능성이 있는 미국 종균협회(ATCC)와 한국 유전자은행(KCTC)에서 구입한 균주 35 종류를 사용하여 D-galactose로부터 D-tagatose의 생산을 조사하였다. 여러 균주 중에 발효시간이 짧고 D-tagatose의 생산량이 높은 Enterobactor agglomerans ATCC 27987을 D-tagatose 생산 균주로 선정하였다. 선정된 균을 사용하여 D-tagatose의 생산에 영향을 주는 배양 조건을 최적화 하였다. 여러 가지 탄소원 중에서 D-galactose가 D-tagatose의 생산량이 가장 높게 나타났고 그 농도를 달리하였을 때 D-galactose의 농도가 증가할수록 D-tagatose의 생산량과 균체농도가 증가하였다. 20 g/l의 D-galactose 배지에서 여러 가지 질소원이 D-tagatose의 생산에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 D-tagatose의 생산량은 유기 질소원의 경우 yeast extract가 가장 높았고 무기 질소원의 경우 (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$가 높게 나타났다. D-Tagatose의 생산량이 가장 높게 나타난 질소원인 yeast extract를 선택하여 농도별 실험을 수행하여 최적 yeast extract의 농도를 5.0 g/l로 결정하였다. (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$를 yeast extract 5.0 g/l가 함유된 배지에 농도별로 첨가하여 2.0 g/l에서 최대 D-tagatose의 생산량을 얻었다. 또한, 무기염의 영향을 조사하여 KH$_2$PO$_4$ 5.0 g/l, $K_2$HPO 5.0 g/l, MgSO$_4$.7$H_2O$ 5.0 mg/l의 최적 D-tagatose 생산 조건을 결정하였다. 배지최적화를 통하여 최적 배지로 D-galactose 20 g/l, yeast extract 5.0 g/l, (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$ 2.0 g/l, KH$_2$PO$_4$ 5.0 g/l, $K_2$HPO$_4$ 5.0 g/l, MgSO$_4$.7$H_2O$ 5 mg/l를 선정하였다. 최적 배지에서 배양 환경이 D-tagatose의 생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 초기 pH 6.0, 배양 온도 3$0^{\circ}C$, 교반속도 150 rpm의 최적 배양 조건을 결정하였고 이 조건에서 배양시간 24시간에 D-galactose 20 g/l로부터 D-tagatose의 0.41 g/l를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.188-202
• /
• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Brain aging is a major risk factor for severe neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, L-histidine and L-carnosine are known to exhibit neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to examine the potential for L-histidine, L-carnosine, and their combination to mediate anti-brain aging effects in neuronal cells subjected to D-galactose-induced aging. MATERIALS/METHODS: The neuroprotective potential of L-histidine, L-carnosine, and their combination was examined in a retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiated SH-SY5Y cell line exposed to D-galactose (200 mM) for 48 h. Neuronal cell proliferation, differentiation, and expression of anti-oxidant enzymes and apoptosis markers were subsequently evaluated. RESULTS: Treatment with L-histidine (1 mM), L-carnosine (10 mM), or both for 48 h efficiently improved the proliferation, neurogenesis, and senescence of D-galactose-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, protein expression levels of both neuronal markers (β tubulin-III and neurofilament heavy protein) and anti-oxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase-1 and superoxide dismutase-1 were up-regulated. Conversely, protein expression levels of amyloid β (1-42) and cleaved caspase-3 were down-regulated. Levels of mRNA for the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α were also down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that L-histidine, L-carnosine, and their combination mediate anti-aging effects in a neuronal cell line subjected to D-galactose-induced aging. These results suggest the potential benefits of L-histidine and L-carnosine as anti-brain aging agents and they support further research of these amino acid molecules.

• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 2017

Objectives: Aging is an unconscious and gradual process that can lead to changes in biological systems. Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity are involved in the aging process. Regarding the antioxidant property of black seed oil, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-aging effect of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) oil on d-galactose-induced aging in mice. Methods: For induction of aging, D-galactose (500 mg/kg, subcoutaneously SC) was administrated to male mice for 42 days. Animals were treated with D-galactose alone or with b lack seed oil (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 mL/kg, intraperitoneally (ip)). Additionally, vitamin E (200 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. At the end of treatment, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and the glutathione (GSH) contents in brain and liver tissues were measured. Also, enzymes in serum, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT), were determined. The levels of the proteins Bax, Bcl2, caspase-3 (pro and cleaved) in brain and liver tissues were evaluated. Results: Administration of D-galactose (500 mg/kg, SC) for 42 days increased serum levels of ALT and AST, as well as the MDA content, in brain and liver tissues, but decreased the GSH content. Additionally, the levels of apoptotic proteins, including Bax, procaspase-3 and caspase-3 cleaved, were markedly increased. N. sativa oil (0.1 and 0.2 mL/kg) diminished the levels of the biochemical markers ALT and AST. Administration of black seed oil (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mL/kg) reduced lipid peroxidation and at doses 0.1 and 0.2 mL/kg significantly recovered the GSH content. The oil decreased Bax/Bcl2 levels and at 0.1 mL/kg down-regulated the expressions of caspase-3 (pro and cleaved) proteins in brain and liver tissues. Conclusion: Through its antioxidant and anti-apoptosis properties, black seed oil exhibited an anti-aging effect in a model of aging induced with D-galactose.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.279-283
• /
• 2012

화석연료로 인한 환경오염 등의 문제를 해결하기 위해서 다양한 원료를 이용하여 바이오 에탄올 생산에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 해조류 중에 홍조류는 agar, carrageenan, porphyran으로 구성되어 있어 산 처리를 통해 바이오에탄올 생산에 유용한 바이오매스로 전환이 가능하다. 본 연구는 홍조류의 가수분해물을 이용하여 바이오에탄올 생산의 최적 조건을 찾으려고 한다. 바이오에탄올 생산하기 위해 전처리 된 우뭇가사리에 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM112를 접종해 발효하였다. 우뭇가사리 가수분해의 최적조건은 1.5% $H_2SO_4$를 $121^{\circ}C$에서 30 min 반응시켰을 때 7.04 g/L의 galactose와 1.94 g/L의 glucose가 생산되었다. 그리고 $CH_3COOH$의 경우 2.0% 농도로 처리하였을 때, galactose 0.75 g/L가 생산되었다. 이와 반대로 도박에서는 $H_2SO_4$1.5%를 처리하였을 때 galactose를 6.38 g/L 생산하였으며, $CH_3COOH$을 처리했을 때 0.368 g/L이 생산되었다. 우뭇가사리에서 에탄올 생산은 1.0% $H_2SO_4$를 $121^{\circ}C$에서 30 min 간 처리하였을때 가장 높았으며, 96 h 배양하였을 때 3.77 g/L의 에탄올을 생산했다.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.91-97
• /
• 1994

Aureobasidium pullulans에 의한 whey배지에서 플루란의 생산에 대한 연구가 수행되었다. Whey배지에서 풀루란의 발효생산에 대한 실험결과, 최종균체농도는 sucrose 기본배지에서와 동일하였으나 풀루란의 생산은 5g/$\ell$로 저조하였다. Whey배지에서 풀루란 생산을 향산시키이 위하여 lactose와 galactose 기본배지에서 적응배양을 시도하였다. 적응배양을 시도하지 않은 경우, lactose를 탄소원으로 한 배지에서 3.4g/$\ell$, galactose를 탄소원으로 한 배지에서 2.5g/$\ell$의 풀루란 생산을 보였으나 적응배양방법을 이용하여 lactose로부터 10~12g/$\ell$, galacrose 기본배지에서 lactose에 적응배양된 균은 13.5g/l의 풀루란을 생산하였고 galactose에 적응배양된 균은 18.6g/l를 생산하였다. Whey배지에 적응배양된 균을 접종한 결과 초기 pH3.0일때 풀루란 생산이 최대값을 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
• /
• 제35권11호
• /
• pp.2232-2240
• /
• 2018

We applied methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as a green catalyst to produce levulinic acid (LA) from monomeric sugars. To optimize reaction factors and assess the effect of reciprocal interactions, a statistical experimental design was applied. Optimized result of 40.7% LA yield was obtained under the following conditions: 60 g/L galactose, 0.4 M MSA at $188^{\circ}C$ for 26.7 min. On the other hand, 66.1% LA yield was achieved under 60 g/L fructose and 0.4 M MSA at $188^{\circ}C$ for 36 min conditions. For the effect of combined severity factor on the LA yield from galactose, the LA yield showed a peaked pattern, which was linearly increased until a CSF 3.2 and then diminished with a high CSF. Moreover, it was closely fitted to a non-linear Gaussian peak pattern with a high regression value of 0.989. These results suggest that MSA and galactose, derived from marine red macro-algae, can potentially be applied for the conversion into platform chemicals.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.169-175
• /
• 2002

원유로부터 다당류를 생산하는 유산균을 분리, 선발하여 균의 배양조건을 조사하고 Lactobacillus ssp. SCU-M으로 동정, 명명된 최적배지의 탄소원은 galactose 1.5% 첨가시 553 mg/L의 EPS를 생성하였으며 whey의 이용성 검토를 위한 deproteinized whey와 lactic acidified whey를 탄소원으로 사용하였을 때 각각 639, 550 mg/L를 생성하였다. 질소원으로 yeast extract 1.5%, peptone 0.5%를 첨가한 경우 934 mg/L, 미량성분으로 , 0.15% $K_2$HPO, 0.15% 첨가시 1,076 mg/L의 다당 생산성을 나타내었다. 따라서 이들 결과를 종합하여 galactose 1.50%, yeast extract 1.00%, peptone 0.25%, MgSO$_4$, 7$H_2O$ 0.15%, $K_2$HPO$_4$0.15%, tween 80, 0.10%를 적정 배지로 하여 PH 6.5, 배양온도 37$^{\circ}C$에서 배양시 1,680 mg/L의 EPS를 생성하였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.341-348
• /
• 2000

Selection of high producer strain, optimization of production medium and cultivation in bioreactor system were carried out in order to produce an antifungal substance, PAFS in large amounts which sources and 41 kinds of nitrogen sources, a synthetic medium consisting of fructose(70 g/1) and ammonium sulfate (10g/l) and a complex medium including galactose(30g/l), fructose(20g/l) and cottonseed flour(35g/l) were determined as opti-mized media for PAFS production. In bioreactor studies examining physiological characteristics of the pro- ducer microorganism with the complex medium, typical pattern of diauxic growth was observed as demonstrated by the result that fructose was not used before almost exhaustion on readily utilizable carbon source, galactose. When galactose was supplemented additionally during the fermentation period. PAFS pro-ductivity did no increases any more, indicating that large portion of the added galactose was used for cell growth instead of biosynthesis of the secondary metabolite. It was deduced that PAFS production could be enhananced by employing fed-batch operation in order to overcome the apparent phenomenon of catabolite repression and /or inhibition.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.290-295
• /
• 2009

해조류 중에서도 홍조류의 agar는 D-galactose와 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose로 구성되어 있기 때문에 이를 분해하면 바이오 에탄올을 생산 할 수 있는 가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 열처리와 산 처리를 이용하여 agar를 당화하고 이를 통해 바이오 에탄올을 생산하고자 한다. 바이오 에탄올을 생산하기 위하여 전처리 된 agar에 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM1129를 접종하여 발효하였다. Agar로부터 환원당 생성의 최적조건은 0.1 N HCl이었고, $120^{\circ}C$에서 15 min 반응하는 것으로 확인되었다. 발효균주 성장을 위한 최적 염 농도는 0.1 N NaCl로 17.88 g/L까지 성장하였으며, 0.1 N 이상의 농도에서 6.78~10.76 g/L로 성장이 감소했다. 그리고 agar 16% 농도에서 최적 전처리에 의한 에탄올 생산은 10.16 g/L이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.393-397
• /
• 1999

The gene (galE) encoding UDP-galactose-4-epimerase, operative in the galactose metabolic pathway, was cloned together with the $\beta$-galactosidase gene (lacZ) from Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC7962 (L. lactis 7962). galE was found to have a length of 981 bps and encoded a protein with a molecular mass of 36,209 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a homology with GalE proteins from several other microorganisms. A Northern analysis demonstrated that galE was constitutively expressed by its own promoter. When galactose or lactose was added into medium, the galE transcription was induced by several upstream promoters. The structure of the gal/lac operon of L. lactis 7962 was partially characterized and the gene order around galE was galT-lacA-lacZ-galE-orfX.