• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.548-561
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• 2015

Atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated dibezo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) were investigated at urban-residential (Group I: Suwon, Guri and Goyang), industrial (Group II: Ansan, Siheung and Bucheon), urban-rural mixed (Group III: Yangju, Pocheon and Dongducheon) and rural regions (Group IV: Yangpyeong) in Gyeonggi-do from February 2012 to November 2012 quarterly. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0.018 to $0.109pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group I (mean value: $0.061pgTEQm^{-3}$), 0.059 to $0.367pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group II (mean value: $0.179pgTEQm^{-3}$), 0.072 to $0.836pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group III (mean value: $0.334pgTEQm^{-3}$) and 0.014 to $0.066pgTEQm^{-3}$ in Group IV (mean value: $0.034pgTEQm^{-3}$), respectively. In spite of the less PCDD/F emission sources than Group II (industrial regions), the level of PCDD/Fs in urban-rural mixed area showed the highest values with high fluctuation. It's likely that the Group III was affected by fugitive emissions such like biomass burning and unregulated open burning. The mean contribution of particle phase to total PCDD/F concentration was above 83% because most of PCDD/F congeners were partitioned into particle phase. We evaluated their gas-to-particles equilibriums with the regression between the particle-gas partition coefficient, $K_P(m^3{\mu}g^{-1})$ and corresponding subcooled liquid vapor pressure ($P_L$). The logarithm-$K_P$ of PCDD/Fs was poorly correlated with $P_L$ at low ambient temperature (below $10^{\circ}C$) and the slope (m) values for log-log plots of the $K_P$ vs. $P_L$ was steeper in the Group 2 and Group 3 than residential area. It implies that the slope values were likely influenced by both the direct emission source of PCDD/Fs and ambient temperature.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.725-734
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• 2024

CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium is an important enzyme in biotechnology, because engineered CYP102A1 enzymes can react with diverse substrates and produce human cytochrome P450-like metabolites. Therefore, CYP102A1 can be applied to drug metabolite production. Terpinen-4-ol is a cyclic monoterpene and the primary component of essential tea tree oil. Terpinen-4-ol was known for therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory. Because terpenes are natural compounds, examining novel terpenes and investigating the therapeutic effects of terpenes represent responses to social demands for eco-friendly compounds. In this study, we investigated the catalytic activity of engineered CYP102A1 on terpinen-4-ol. Among CYP102A1 mutants tested here, the R47L/F81I/F87V/E143G/L188Q/N213S/E267V mutant showed the highest activity to terpinen-4-ol. Two major metabolites of terpinen-4-ol were generated by engineered CYP102A1. Characterization of major metabolites was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Based on the LC-MS results, the difference in mass-to-charge ratio of an ion (m/z) between terpinen-4-ol and its major metabolites was 16. One major metabolite was defined as 1,4-dihydroxyp-menth-2-ene by NMR. Given these results, we speculate that another major metabolite is also a mono-hydroxylated product. Taken together, we suggest that CYP102A1 can be applied to make novel terpene derivatives.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2000

Objectives : This study was undertaken to evaluate correlation between the levels of hippuric acid in blood plasma (HAP) and those of toluene concentration in the workplace air. Methods : Study subjects were composed of two groups; 21 workers who were occupationally exposed to toluene and 25 rural-area residents who were not exposed to any known occupational toluene source, as an exposed group and a reference group, respectively. Mean age and work duration of the exposed was 42 years and five years, respectively. Mean age of the reference was 42 years. To determine toluene concentrations in the workplace air, air sampling has been conducted for more than six hours using a personal sampler, and analyzed by a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Concentrations of hippuric acid in biological samples were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector. Results : Geometric mean(geometric standard deviation) of HAP and hippuric acid in urine(HAU) for the exposed was 1.39(2.21) mg/L and 2.77(1.46) g/L, respectively, which were significantly different from those of the reference [HAP, 9.45(2.94); HAU, 0.37(0.45)]. Teluene concentration in the workplace air was 86.92(range: $45.18\sim151.23$)ppm. The level of HAP or HAU was significantly correlated (r=0.70 and r=0.63, respectively) with that of toluene in the workplace air. The estimated regression equation was logHAP(mg/L)=-3.60+1.93 log(toluene, ppm) or logHAU(g/L)=-0.85+0.67 log(toluene, ppm). The magnitude of correlation was further enhanced when analyzing relationship between toluene concentrations lower than 100 ppm and its corresponding HAP levels. Conclusion : Overall, plasma hippuric acid levels were well correlated with toluene concentrations in the workplace air, and a statistically significant correlation was observed for the samples with toluene concentration lower than 100 ppm.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.7179-7188
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• 2015

Cancer is a major health obstacle around the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) as major causes of morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, there isgrowing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products for HCC and CRC, owing to the anticancer activity of their bioactive constituents. Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate a variety of health problems such as inflammatory and arthritic diseases. The current study aimed to identify and explore the in vitro anticancer effect of B. Serrata bioactive constituents on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Oleo-gum-resin of B. Serrata was then successively extracted with petroleum ether (extract 1) and methanol (extract 2). Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the lipoidal matter was also performed. In addition, a methanol extract of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was phytochemically studied using column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) to obtain four fractions (I, II, III and IV). Sephadex columns were used to isolate ${\beta}$-boswellic acid and identification of the pure compound was done using UV, mass spectra, $^1H$ NMR and $^{13}C$ NMR analysis. Total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo-gum resin were subsequently applied to HCC cells (HepG2 cell line) and CRC cells (HCT 116 cell line) to assess their cytotoxic effects. GLC analysis of the lipoidal matter resulted in identification of tricosane (75.32%) as a major compound with the presence of cholesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol. Twenty two fatty acids were identified of which saturated fatty acids represented 25.6% and unsaturated fatty acids 74.4% of the total saponifiable fraction. GC/MS analysis of three chromatographic fractions (I,II and III) of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of pent-2-ene-1,4-dione, 2-methyl- levulinic acid methyl ester, 3,5- dimethyl- 1-hexane, methyl-1-methylpentadecanoate, 1,1- dimethoxy cyclohexane, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene and 17a-hydroxy-17a-cyano, preg-4-en-3-one. GC/MS analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of sabinene (19.11%), terpinen-4-ol (14.64%) and terpinyl acetate (13.01%) as major constituents. The anti-cancer effect of two extracts (1 and 2) and four fractions (I, II, III and IV) as well as volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines was investigated using SRB assay. Regarding HepG2 cell line, extracts 1 and 2 elicited the most pronounced cytotoxic activity with $IC_{50}$ values equal 1.58 and $5.82{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to doxorubicin with an $IC_{50}$ equal $4.68{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. With respect to HCT 116 cells, extracts 1 and 2 exhibited the most obvious cytotoxic effect; with $IC_{50}$ values equal 0.12 and $6.59{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to 5-fluorouracil with an $IC_{50}$ equal $3.43{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. In conclusion, total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin proved their usefulness as cytotoxic mediators against HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines with different potentiality (extracts > fractions > volatile oil). In the two studied cell lines the cytotoxic acivity of each of extract 1 and 2 was comparable to doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Extensive in vivo research is warranted to explore the precise molecular mechanisms of these bioactive natural products in cytotoxicity against HCC and CRC cells.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.125-136
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• 1992

Digestion of a municipal wastewater sludge by the anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was investigated to evaluate the performance of the ASBR process at a critical condition of high-solids-content fined. The reactors were operated at an HRT of 10 days with an equivalent loading rate of 0.8-1.5 gVS/L/d at 35$^{\circ}C$ The main conclusions drawn from this study were as follows: 1. Digestion of a municipal wastewater sludge was possible using the ASBR in spite of high concentration of settleable solids in the sludge. The ASBRS with 3- and 4-day cycle period showed almost identical high digestion performances. 2. No adverse effect on digestion stability was observed In the ASBRS in spite of withdrawal and replenishment of 30% or 40% of liquid contents. A conventional anaerobic digester could be easily converted to the ASBR without any stability problem. 3. Flotation thickening occurred in thicken step of the ASBRS throughout steady state, and floating bed volume at the end of thicken period occupied about 70% of the working volume of the reactor Efficiency of flotation thickening in the ASBRS could be comparable to that of additional gravity thickening of a completely mixed digester. 4. Solids were accumulated rapidly in the ASBR during start-up period. Solids concentrations in the ASBRS were 2.6 times higher than that in the completely mixed control reactor at steady state. Dehydrogenase activity had a strong correlation with the solids concentration. Dehydrogenase activity of the digested flu형e in the ASBR was 2.9 times higher than that of the flu형e in the control reactor, and about 25 times higher than that of the subnatant in the ASBR. 5. Remarkable increase in equivalent gas production of 52% was observed at the ASBRS compared with the control reactor in spite of similar quality of clarified effluent from the ASBRS and control reactor. The increase in gas production from the ASBRS was believed to be combined results of accumulation of microorganisms, higher driving force applied, and additional long-term degradation of organics continuously accumulated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.864-873
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• 2013

In developing countries, biogas energy production is seen as a technology that can provide clean energy in poor regions and reduce pollution caused by animal manure. Laboratories in these countries have little access to advanced gas measuring equipment, which may limit research aimed at improving local adapted biogas production. They may also be unable to produce valid estimates of an international standard that can be used for articles published in international peer-reviewed science journals. This study tested and validated methods for measuring total biogas and methane ($CH_4$) production using batch fermentation and for characterizing the biomass. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) ($CH_4$ NL $kg^{-1}$ VS) of pig manure, cow manure and cellulose determined with the Moller and VDI methods was not significantly different in this test (p>0.05). The biodegradability using a ratio of BMP and theoretical BMP (TBMP) was slightly higher using the Hansen method, but differences were not significant. Degradation rate assessed by methane formation rate showed wide variation within the batch method tested. The first-order kinetics constant k for the cumulative methane production curve was highest when two animal manures were fermented using the VDI 4630 method, indicating that this method was able to reach steady conditions in a shorter time, reducing fermentation duration. In precision tests, the repeatability of the relative standard deviation (RSDr) for all batch methods was very low (4.8 to 8.1%), while the reproducibility of the relative standard deviation (RSDR) varied widely, from 7.3 to 19.8%. In determination of biomethane concentration, the values obtained using the liquid replacement method (LRM) were comparable to those obtained using gas chromatography (GC). This indicates that the LRM method could be used to determine biomethane concentration in biogas in laboratories with limited access to GC.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2008

복분자 와인은 복분자 열매를 발효ㆍ숙성시켜 제조하기 때문에 그들 양자 간의 성분에는 차이가 있을 것으로 추측되었다. 그러나 복분자 와인의 음용률이 높음에도 불구하고 복분자 와인 중에 함유된 성분들에 관한 체계적인 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 그래서 먼저 복분자 와인 중에 함유되어 있는 성분들의 chemical profile의 검토를 위해 항산화 활성에 초점을 맞추어 화합물의 단리ㆍ구조해석에 착수하였다. 복분자 와인 11 L(신선 복분자 열매 15.7 kg 상당량)의 농축액(928.3 g)을 용매분획한 후 얻어진 EtOAc층(20 g/56.2 g)을 대상으로 각종 column chromatography 및 HPLC를 행하여 5종의 항산화 활성 화합물을 단리하였다. 그들을 대상으로 $^1H$-NMR 분석 및 TMS 유도체화 후 GCMS 분석을 행한 결과, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid(1, 0.1 mg), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(2, 0.3 mg), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-phenol(3, 0.6 mg), pyrocatechol(4, 0.3 mg), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester(5, 0.6 mg)로 동정하였다. 화합물 1과 2는 복분자 열매중에 존재함이 보고되어 있으나 화합물 3-5는 복분자 열매로부터 그 존재가 보고되어진 바 없으며, 이들 5종의 화합물 모두가 복분자 와인으로부터 동정되어진 것 또한 처음이다.

• 한국축산식품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국축산식품학회 1998년도 정기총회 및 제21차 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.37-54
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• 1998

건국대학교본 연구는 쑥의 추출물을 이용해 생체내에서 에탄올의 분해효능, 간기능 및 Cd 독성 저하작용에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 본 실험에서 에탄올 분해효능은 Rat 1kg 당 25% 에탄을 5g을 경구투여한 후 쑥추출물의 카테킨 농도를 측정하여 이를 기준으로 일일 사료섭취량의 2% 원료수준으로 각각 미정맥주사를 하였다. 에탄올만 경구투여한 대조군과 에탄올을 경구투여한 후 쑥추출물을 미정맥주사한 실험군은 시간별(0, 1, 2, 3시간)로 미정맥에서 혈액을 채취해 3000rpm에서 10분간 원심분리하여 혈장을 분리시킨 후 GC(Gas Chromatography)로 혈중 에탄올 농도를 측정하였다. 또한 같은 방법으로 시간만 달리해 (0시간, 5시간) 혈장을 취해 GOT, GPT의 활성치를 측정하여 간손상정도를 측정하였다. 간기능에 미치는 효과는 간실질세포를 기본배지에 배양한 대조군과 쑥추출물을 배지의 1% 및 2% 원료수준으로 기본배지에 첨가하여 간실질세포를 배양한 실험군으로 나누어 36시간 배양한 후 현미경으로 형태를 관찰하고 생존 세포수와 GOT, GPT의 활성치를 함께 측정하였다. Cd 독성 저하작용은 4주령의 Sprague-Dawley 수컷 흰쥐를 구입하여 대조군(CON,0.85% saline 10ml/kg B.W.)과 Cd단독 투여군(CD, 0.4mg $CdCl_2/kg$ B.W.), Cd과 쑥추출물을 복강내 투여한 군(IP, 쑥 추출물은 일일사료섭취량의 1% 수준) 그리고 쑥추출물을 구강내 투여한 군(PO, 쑥 추출물은 일일사료섭취량의 1%수준)으로 분류하여 4주간 사육하였다. 사육 후 각종 장기 및 혈액을 채취하여 장기에서의 GSH 농도, GSH-Px 및 GR의 활성과 혈장 GOT, GPT 활성을 측정하였고 더불어 각 조직에서 Cd축적량을 조사하였다. 실험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 쑥추출물의 카테킨의 함량을 Iwasa와 Torri의 방법을 변형하여 측정한 결과 네 가지의 추출물중에서 카테킨의 함량은 쑥의 열수추출물이 $8{\sim}10mg/100g$으로 가장 많았으며 쑥의 에탄올 추출물은 $3{\sim}4mg/100g$인 것으로 나타났다. (2) 쑥 추출물을 HPLC를 이용해 주요 카테킨의 성분을 비교한 결과 쑥의 열수추출물 및 에탄올추출물은 (-)-Epigallocatechin (EGC)의 함량이 가장 높았다. (3) 시간에 따른 혈중 에탄올 농도를 GC로 측정한 결과 각각 에탄올을 투여한지 1시간 후의 에탄올 농도에서는 CON-E의 경우가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났고 MDW-E, MOH-E군은 CON-E에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05) 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. (4) 간실질세포 배양 36시간 후 배지를 걷어내고 밑면에 모인 세포를 모아 현미경으로 수를 측정하여 평균을 낸 결과는 2% MDW-L가 가장 많았으며 2% MOH-L을 제외하고는 CON-L의 세포수가 가장 적었다. 또한 배양 후 취한 세포내의 GOT, GPT의 활성치는 실험군간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. (6) 간 조직중의 GSH 함량수준은 쑥추출물 투여군들(IP, PO)이 CD군에 비해 유의적으로 증가(p<0.05)하여 대조군과 같은 정상수준으로 되었다. (7) 간 신장에서의 GSH-Px 활성은 저농도의 Cd에 의해서는 영향을 받지 않은 것으로 나타났다. (8) 혈장 GOT활성은 IP군이 대조군에 비해 증가하였으나 CD군에 비해 유의적으로 감소(p<0.05)하였다. 이상의 결과에서 쑥추출물이 체내에서 에탄올 분해를 촉진시키고 간기능을 개선시킴은 물론 GSH농도의 정상회복과 GR의 증가 및 혈장에서의 GOT활성의 감소 등으로 보아 Cd의 간독성도 감소시키는 작용이 있는 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.121-126
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• 2003

자외선 B파 조사가 톱밥배지에서 재배되고 있는 표고버섯의 비타민, 색도, 향기패턴에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 자외선 B파 조사에 따른 표고버섯의 비타민 D$_2$ 함량 변화. 자외선 B파를 자실체에 각각 0(대조군), 25, 50KJ/$m^2$ 조사한 결과 대조군의 비타민 D$_2$ 함량은 25.36$\mu\textrm{g}$/g인 반면, 25, 50KJ/$m^2$의 자외선 조사로 비타민 D$_2$ 함량은 각각 39.73, 52.35$\mu\textrm{g}$/g로 증가하였다. 2. 자외선 B파 조사량에 따른 색도 변화. 색도 측정 결과 명도를 나타내는 L$^{*}$ 값은 대조군이 94.84로 25(92.19), 50KJ/$m^2$(92.26)보다 높은 것으로 나타났으며 적색을 나타내는 a$^{*}$ 값은 각 시험군 간에 차이는 없었으나 황색을 나타내는 b$^{*}$ 값은 대조군이 -1.35로 25(-1.06), 50KJ/$m^2$(-0.80)보다 낮은 치수를 보였다. 3. 자외선 B파 조사량에 따른 표고버섯의 향기패턴 분석. GC-SAW 전자코를 통해 분석된 향기 패턴은 대조군의 경우 peak가 10개가 감지되었으나 25, 50KJ/$m^2$군의 경우는 14개의 peak들이 감지되었다. 자외선 조사로 표고버섯의 향기 패턴의 변화가 생긴 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2005

미생물에 의해 생산된 셀룰로오스는 고등식물을 이루고 있는 셀룰로오스보다 순수한 형태로 존재하고 굵기가 20~50 nm인 fibril이 높은 배향성과 결정성으로 3차원적 망상구조를 이루고 있다. 이러한 미생물 셀룰로오스를 이용한 탄화과정의 적용은 기존의 PAN, Pitch, 재생 셀룰로오스(Rayon)를 사용한 탄소 섬유의 제조에서 얻지 못하는 섬유 구조 탄소 물질의 대량 생산을 가능하게 하고 탄화과정에 의해 생산된 섬유 구조의 탄화 셀룰로오스는 높은 결정성과 배향성을 갖는 나노 영역의 흑연 결정상의 섬유 제조를 가능하게 할 것이다. 탄화에 사용되는 셀룰로오스의 생산성에 대하여 세 가지 균주들에서 생산된 셀룰로오스의 양을 비교하여 G. xylinus ATCC 11142가 15mL 배지당 건조 질량 0.066 g의 셀룰로오스를 생산하는 것을 확인하였고 셀룰로오스의 탄화과정에서 셀룰로오스의 열분해에 의해 생산된 타르(tar)에 의해 탄화 후, 셀룰로오스 탄화물의 섬유 구조를 저해시키는 문제점이 존재한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 탄소 나노튜브의 정제과정에서 연구된 액상, 기상 그리고 초음파 처리를 통한 정제방법들을 적용하여, 탄화 셀룰로오스에서는 초음파 처리를 통한 정제과정의 적용이 셀룰로오스 탄화물에서 섬유 구조가 증가하는 결과를 나타냈다.