• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.385-393
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• 2006

Screening performance of the existing intake screens (drum and travelling screen) on mass impingement of marine animals, a euphausiid, Euphausia pacifica and a scyphozoan medusae, Aurelia aurita that have often clogged intake screens of the Uljin Nuclear Power Plant, was tested. The maximum tolerable densities of marine animals in the inflowing seawater upon the screen were estimated with two different approaches. First the maximum density of jellyfish was calculated from (1) passing amount of seawater per unit time through the screens and (2) the covered area of animals on the screens clogged. The maximum density of krill tolerable in the drum screen was cited from a simulated record of Uljin NPP, then those in the travelling screens were also calculated using the data of drum screen and ratio of seawater amount passing through the screens under the condition of 0.5m water column (W.C.) of the differential pressure (AP) produced by screens, an established permissible limit of ${\Delta}P$. Secondly, the screening performances were also tested by hydrodynamic measurements with various screen models in a circulating water channel equipped with a speed-controlling pump and a differential pressure gauge. From the first approach, the maximum tolerable densities of drum and travelling screen were calculated as 2.0 and $1.5ind/m^3$ for the Jellyfish and 900 and $680ind./m^3$ for the euphausiid, respectively. These densities estimated from the second approach were 2.1 and $0.8ind/m^3$ for the jellyfish and 1059 and $504ind/m^3$ for the euphausiid, respectively. These estimates were compared with the data from historic clogging events to evaluate the practical performance of these intake screens. The comparisons suggest a newly improved intake-screen of which performance should be at least seven times (approximately) better than the existing ones ior the krill and 3.2 times for the jellyfish, respectively, for preventing mass impingement, and for maintaining the condition of the differential pressure between the screens below 0.3 m W.C.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1992

To utilize shellfish by-products effectively, chitin, chitosan, and microcrystalline chitin were prepared from 6 kinds of crustacean shells(Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba; Red snow crab, Chinonecetes japonicus: Daelongsuyum shrimp, Solenocera prominentis: Lobster, Linuparus trigonus: Gasibal shrimp, Nephrops thomsoni: Blue crab, Portunus trituberculatus) and their functional properties were studied. Apparent volume(AV), settling volume(SV), water binding capacity(WBC), and fat binding capacity(FBC) of various chitins, chitosans, and microcrystalline chitins ranged from $3.1\pm0.1ml/g\;to\;27.0\pm0.2ml/g$ from $5.1\pm0.1ml/g\;to\;45.0\pm0.2ml/g,\;from\;318\pm40g/100g\;to\;2,382\pm12g/100g,\;and\;from\;235\pm20g/100g\;to\;2,169\pm20g/100g$, respectively, and the krill chitin and chitosan had the highest AV, SV, WBC, and FBC of them. Chitins and chitosans did not produce emulsion but microcrystalline chitins showed emulsifying properties. Emulsifying capacity and stability of various microcrystalline chitins ranged from $18.2\pm4.0\%\;to\;50.1\pm2.5\%\;and\;from\;15.2\pm3.5\%\;to\;31.1\pm1.0\%$, respectively. Dye binding capacity of microcrystalline chitins was higher than that of chitins or chitosans.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 1979

A study on the processing of soy curd powder with soybean milk and kril autolasate has been carried out to prolong tile self life and to improve the taste and colour of soy curd. The soy curd was manufactured by coagulation of the soybean milk prepared from soybean through a series of processes of soaking, grinding, heating at $500^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes and filtration. Ten hours was reasonable as the soaking time of the soybean for the high yield of soybean milk. The use of $3\%$ $glucono-\delta-lactone$ to the weight of the raw soybean showed the best coagulation of the soybean milk at $90^{\circ}C$ in relation to the yield and content of crude protein of the soy curd. The soy curd powder prepared by spray drying of soyben milk could be coagulated at $90^{\circ}C$ by the addition of $glucono-\delta-lactone$ after suspending in water. The powder manufactured by spray drying of the mixture of soybean milk and drill autolasate could also be coagulated under the same conditions to produce the soft soy curd. Another powder prepared by spray drying of the mixture of soybean milk, krill autolysate and $glucono-\delta-lactone$ could be coagulated by standing at room temperature after 2 minutes boiling.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.96-103
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• 2009

The biodegradability in water of the artificial baits for blue crab pots which were made of intestines of mackerel, tuna and grinded krill were studied. The biodegradability of artificial bait was evaluated with the effective capacity of 10L water tank which was made of acryl pipe at the velocity of 1m/d and hydraulic retention time of 12 hours. For the 23 days operation time, all artificial baits were degraded fast at the early stage of operation time and stabilized within 5 days after start up. The rates of biodegradation were different depending on the raw materials of artificial baits. In terms of degradation rate of organic matter which can be expressed as COD, artificial bait made of tunas intestine showed the fastest degradation rate. On the other hand, in terms of degradation rate of nitrogenous matter which can be expressed as ammonia nitrogen, artificial bait made of mackerels intestine showed the fastest degradation rate. In order to evaluate the effect of artificial bait on marine ecosystem, seawater qualities including SS, COD, DO, nitrogen, phosphorus were determined depending on depth and location during 2 days test operation period. It is apparent that the effect of artificial bait on seawater quality was negligible when comparing seawater quality of test operation area with control area.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2014

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the apparent dry matter and protein digestibility of seven different dietary protein sources by juvenile river puffer Takifugu obscurus. Eight diets containing white fish meal (WFM), brown fish meal (BFM), squid liver powder (SLP), krill meal (KM), leather meal (LM), soybean meal (SM), or fermented soybean meal (FSM) were prepared by mixing a basal diet (BD) with one of the seven test ingredients at a ratio of 7 to 3. Fish averaging $10.8{\pm}0.04g$ were fed the experimental diets in triplicate groups. The apparent dry matter digestibilities of BFM, WFM, FSM, SLP, LM, SM, and KM were 80, 78, 72, 67, 56, 55, and 54%, respectively, while the corresponding apparent protein digestibilities were 96, 96, 93, 92, 89, 88, and 86. The weight gain of fish fed BFM was significantly greater than that of fish fed SM or LM (P<0.05), while it was not significantly different from that of fish fed the BD, WFM, FSM, BFM, SLP, or KM. These results indicated that WFM, BFM, FSM, and SLP are potentially good protein sources for replacing fish meal in river puffer feed.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.421-429
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• 2014

We investigated the feeding ecology of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) during the critical early life stage prey selectivity of juvenile chum salmon during early marine migration in Korean waters at spring 2011. Salmon juveniles and zooplanktons were collected to draw with $20m{\times}5m$ gill net and $300{\mu}m$ mesh zooplankton net at each station on 11th-13th April n 2011. Collected zooplanktons were classified to 5 Phylum, 6 Class, 9 Order 17 Species in this study. Almost 76.4-100% species were classified to Phylum Arthropoda, dominant species was a species out of Hyperia galba of Order Amphipoda, Acartia spp and Paracalanus parvus of Order Calanoida. Collected salmon juveniles were grew up to average 4.7-5.4 cm fork length and average 1.0-1.5 g wet weight in whole station. Fish stomach content (mg/salmon) was heaver to 97.4, 82.4 and 63.2 mg wet weight/salmon in ST 2, 3, 4 than 20.4, 18.9 mg/salmon of ST 1, 5, because there are fish (sand eel, Hypoptychus dybowskii) and Krill (Euphausia) as prey in salmon stomach in ST 2, 3, 4. And ST 2, 3, 4 and 5 were dominated by Amphipoda as Hyperia galba, Themisto japonica and Gammarus sp., but ST 1 was dominated by copepod, because of absence of Amphipoda in the station. Therefore small Amphipoda as Hyperia galba was good prey for just released salmon juvenile in nature.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.131-153
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• 1984

Fishery resources are still abundant compared with other resources and the possibility of exploitation is probably great. The Korean fishery industry has grown remarkably since 1957, and Korea is ranked as one of the major fishery countries. Its of fishery products reached the 9th in the world and the value of exports was 5th in 1982. But recently a growth rate has slowed down, due to the enlargement of territorial seas by the declaration of the 200 mile, Exclusive Economic Zone, the tendency to develop fishery resources strate-gically in international bargaining, the change in function of the international organizations, the expansion of regulated waters, the illegal arrest of our fishing boats, the rapid rise in oil prices, and the fall in fish prices, the development of fishery resources as a symbol of nationalism, the fishing boats decreptitude, the rise of crew wages, regulations on fishing methods, fish species, fishing season, size of fish, and mesh size, fishing quotas and the demand of excessive fishing royalties. Besides the the obligation of coastal countries, employing crews of their host countries is also an example of the change in the international environment which causes the aggravation of foreign profit of fishing firms. To ameliorate the situation, our Korean fishery firms must prepare efficient plans and study systematically to internationalize themselves because such existing methods as conventional fishing entry and licence fishing entry are likely to be unable to cope with international environmental change. Thus, after the systematic analysis of the problem, some new combined alternatives might be proposed. These are some of the new schemes to support this plan showing the orientation of our national policy: 1. Most of the coastal states, to cope with rapid international environmental change and to survive in the new era of ocean order, have rationalized their higher governmental structure concerning the fishery industries. And the coastal countries which are the objectives of our expecting entry, demand excessive economic and technical aid, limit the number of fishing boats’entry and the use of our foreign fishing bases, and regulate the membership of the international fishery commissions. Especially, most of the coastal or island countries are recently independent states, which are poorer in national budget, depend largely on fishing royalties and licence entry fees as their main resources of national finance. 2. Alternatives to our entry to deep sea fishing, as internationalization strategies, are by direct foreign investment method. About 30 firms have already invested approximately US $ 8 million in 9 coastal countries. Areas of investment comprise the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, the Moroccan sea and five other sea areas. Trawling, tuna purse seining and five other fields are covered by the investment. Joint-venture is the most prominent method of this direct investment. If we consider the number of entry firms, the host countries, the number of seas available and the size of investment, this method of cooperation is perhaps insufficient so far. Our fishery firms suffer from a weakness in international competitive ability, an insufficiency of information, of short funds, incompetency in the market, the unfriendliness of host coastal countries, the incapability of partners in joint-ventures and the political instability of the host countries. To enlarge our foreign fishing grounds, we are to actively adopt the direct investment entry method and to diversity our collaboraboration with partner countries. Consequently, besides proper fishing, we might utilize forward integration strategies, including the processing fied. a. The enterprise emigration method is likely to be successful in Argentina. It includes the development of Argentinian fishing grounds which are still not exploited in spite of abundant resources. Besides, Arentina could also be developed as a base for the exploitation of the krill resources and for further entries into collaboration with other Latin American countries. b. The co-business contract fishing method works in American territorial seas where American fishermen sell their fishery products to our factory ships at sea. This method contributes greatly to obtaining more fishing quotas and in innovation bottom fishing operation. Therefore we may apply this method to other countres to diffuse our foreign fishing entry. c. The new fishing ground development method was begun in 1957 by tuna long-line experimental fishing in the Indian Ocean. It has five fields, trawling, skipjack pole fishing and shrimp trawling, and so on. Recently, Korean fisheries were successful in the development of the Antarctic Ocean krill and tuna purse seining. 3. The acceleration of the internationalization of deep sea fishing; a. Intense information exchange activities and commission participation are likely to be continues as our contributions to the international fishery organizations. We should try to enter international fishery commissions in which we are not so far participating. And we have to reform adequately to meet the changes of the function of the international commissions. With our partner countries, we ought to conclude bilateral fishery agreements, thus enlarging our collaboration. b. Our government should offer economic and technical aids to host countries to facilitate our firms’fishery entry and activities. c. To accelerate technical innovation, our fishery firms must invest greater amount in technical innovation, at the same time be more discriminatory in importing exogeneous fishery technologies. As for fishing methods; expanded use of multi-purpose fishing boats and introduction of automation should be encuraged to prevent seasonal fluctuations in fishery outputs. d. The government should increases financial and tax aid to Korean firms in order to elevate already weak financial structure of Korean fishery firms. e. Finally, the government ought to revise foreign exchange regulations being applied to deep sea fishery firms. Furthermore, dutes levied on foreign purchaed equipments and supplies used by our deep sea fishing boats thould be reduced or exempted. when the fish caught by Korean partner of joint-venture firms is sold at the home port, pusan, import duty should be exempted.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2006

Effect of the various sources of dietary additives on growth, body composition and shell color of abalone Haliotis discus hannai was investigated for 16 weeks. Forty juvenile abalone averaging 13.5 g were randomly stocked into 21 of 50 L plastic rectangular containers each. Eight kinds of additives were prepared for this study: four commercially available microalgae [Haeatococcus (Hae), Isochrysis galbana (Iso), Shizochytrium (Sch) and Spirulina (Spi)], three crustacean meals [krill meal (KM), shrimp head meal (Shm) and red crab meal (Rcm)], and green tea by-product (Gre). In addition, dry sea tangle (Dst), Laminaria japonica, as a control, was prepared. Casein, dextrin and a mixture corn oil and fish oil was protein, carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively, in the experimental diets. The 2% each additive was included into the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at the ratio of $1.5{\sim}2.0%$ total biomass of abalone with a little leftover throughout the 16-week feeding trial. Survival of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, weight gain of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the Dst diet. Weight gain of abalone fed the Spi diet was highest and Shi, KM and Iso diets in order. Shell length and the ratio of soft body weight to body weight of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, shell width of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the Dst diet. The shell color of abalone fed the Spi diet was improved the most distinctively and similar to that of natural abalone. Therefore, it can be concluded that the experimental diets with the various sources of additives (microalgae and crustacean meals) was effective to improve growth of abalone and dietary inclusion of Spirulina was most effective to improve shell color of abalone.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2007

Artificially-produced juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (total length $10.4{\pm}1.1\;cm$, body weight $18.7{\pm}3.4\;g$) were released into the Gamak Bay in Korea. And their initial feeding habits and body compositions were compared with those of cultured fish (CUL) for a period of one month after release. The released black sea bream commenced feeding on the 1st day after release, and predation rate was more than 80% during the sampling period. The stomach content of fish was composed of mainly fishing bait and krill in fish sampled on 15th days after release; however, its content changed to the natural organisms such as algae and small crustaceans when the fish was sampled on 20th days after release. Crude lipid content of carcass of fish in the sampling station A (SA) were lower than that of fish in the initial, sampling station B (SB) and CUL for the 5th and 10th days after release. Carcass n-3 HUFA composition, total amino acid and essential amino acid contents of released fish showed high trend compared to that of cultured fish in 30th days after release. The released fish have the ability to adjust their feeding habits and biochemical metabolism to the natural environment within a short period even though they showed preference to artificial feed in the early days after release.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3435-3441
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• 2014

Background: Axillary lymph node status at diagnosis remains the strongest predictor of long-term survival in breast cancer. Patients with more than ten axillary lymph nodes at diagnosis have a poor long-term survival. In this single institutional study, we set out to evaluate the prognosis of this high-risk group in the era of multimodality therapy. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we looked at all breast cancer patients with greater than ten axillary lymph nodes diagnosed at Mount Sinai Medical Center (MSMC) from January 1st 1990 to December 31st 2007 (n=161). In the univariate analysis, descriptive frequencies, median survival, and 5- and 10-year survival rates were estimated for common prognostic factors. A multivariate prognostic analysis for time-to-event data, using the extended Cox regression model was carried out. Results: With a median and mean follow-up of 70 and 89.9 months, respectively, the overall median survival was estimated to be 99 months. The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 59.3% and the ten-year DFS was 37.9%, whereas the five- and ten-year overall survival (OS) was 66.6% and 43.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant improvement in DFS among black patients compared to whites (p=0.05), improved DFS and OS among young patients (ages 21-45) compared to elderly patients (age greater than 70) (p=0.00176, p=0.0034, respectively), and improved DFS and OS among patients whose tumors were ER positive (p=0.049, p=0.0034). Conclusions: In this single institution study of patients with greater than 10 positive axillary nodes, black patients had a significantly improved DFS compared with white patients. Young age and ER tumor positivity was associated with improved outcomes. Using multivariate analysis, there were no other variables associated with statistically significant improvements in DFS or OS including date of diagnosis. Further work is needed to improve breast cancer survival in this subgroup of patients.