• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.55-70
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to describe the situation of everyday life of women and men in Germany and gender related aspects. Therefore social demographical data, presented tv the Office for European Statistics, Luxembourg and by German statistical data, are used. Based on this data the different roles, responsibilities, and social positions of women and men are interpreted in the context of the idea of mainstreaming gender. In comparison to other European countries, especially to the Scandinavian countries, the situation of women in Germany still has to be improved. It is a prevalent problem for women to arrange family life and working career, because the gender-related role-allocation is still an issue. Women, who are involved in looking after children, are significantly less engaged in business life, as for men caring does not make a difference, whether they are employed or not. In addition to this fact women on average earn less than men, especially for women working in higher positions. To improve the situation of women and men the German government has initiated a ‘Gender Mainstreaming Policy’ in 2000 and has taken important legal measures which make it possible to reconcile family-life and gainful employment. For Home Economists there is a need to integrate the gender dimension into a household analytical approach.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.105-124
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• 2018

본 연구는 한국, 네덜란드, 독일 가족정책의 개인화와 젠더화된 무급노동 분담의 관계를 분석하였다. 한국가족정책의 개인화는 네덜란드 및 독일에 비해 미비한 수준이 아니지만 국제사회조사 2012년도 자료를 분석한 결과 두 나라에 비해 기혼여성의 무급노동 분담은 현저히 불평등한 것으로 나타났다. 원인 분석결과세 국가 기혼여성의 무급노동 분담은 상대적 자원에 의해 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다. 네덜란드와 독일 여성의 무급노동 분담이 여성 개인의 성역할 인식에 따라 달라지는 반면 한국에서는 그러한 관계가 발견되지 않았다. 또한 네덜란드와 독일의 경우 사회화된 성의 영향, 즉 응답자의 젠더 자체가 무급노동 분담에 미치는 영향이 개인의 상대적 자원이나 성역할인식과 비슷하거나 낮은데 비해, 한국의 경우 젠더 자체가 무급노동 분담에 미치는 영향은 개인의 상대적 자원의 영향보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 일하는 기혼여성을 대상으로 분석한 결과 독일과 네덜란드의 경우 상대적 자원과 성역할 인식의 영향이 사회화된 성, 젠더의 영향보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났으나 한국의 경우 사회화된 성의 영향이 상대적 자원의 영향보다 더 중요하게 일하는 기혼여성의 무급노동 분담에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한가정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한가정학회 2003년도 제56차 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to describe the situation of everyday life of women and men in Germany and gender related aspects. Therefore social demographical data, presented by the Office for European Statistics, Luxembourg and by German statistical data, are used. Based on this data the different roles, responsibilities, and social positions of women and men are interpreted in the context of the idea of mainstreaming gender. In comparison to other European countries, especially to the Scandinavian countries, the situation of women in Germany still has to be improved. It is a prevalent problem for women to arrange family life and working career, because the gender-related role-allocationis still an issue. Women, who are involved in looking after children, are significantly less engaged in business life, as for men caring does not make a difference, whether they are employed or not. In addition to this fact women on average earn less than men, especially for women working in higher positions. To improve the situation of women and men the German government has initiated a 'Gender Mainstreaming Policy' in 2000 and has taken important legal measures which make it possible to reconcile family-life and gainful employment. For Home Economists there is a need to integrate the gender dimension into a household analytical approach.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.277-306
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• 2017

본 연구는 독일 '하르츠 개혁'의 일환으로 시행된 미니잡이 여성 고용에 미친 영향을 탐색적으로 검토한다. 이론적으로는, 미니잡이 독일 여성들에게 '교량' 역할을 함으로써 정규 일자리로 진출하는 데 도움을 주는지, 아니면 미니잡 시장에 여전히 보이지 않는 '벽'이 존대하여 독일 노동시장이 분단되어 있는지 하는 점이 주요 관심사다. 독일 현장 방문을 통해 직접 수집한 1차 및 2차 자료를 활용하여 미니잡의 여성 고용에 대한 영향력을 실증 분석한다. 분석 결과, 미니잡 시장이 여성들에게 고용 기회를 열어 주었고, 특히 경력 단절 여성이나 학생 계층, 그리고 연금 생활자들에게 추가 수입의 기회를 준 것은 사실이나, 보다 세밀한 검토 결과, 미니잡은 저임금 및 빈곤의 '덫'이 되기도 하며 특히 집단 노사관계 차원에서는 산별 노조의 영향력이나 산별 협약의 구속력을 훼손할 가능성도 확인되었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서는 독일의 미니잡 고용관계를 설명하는 데 있어 이행노동시장이론보다는 분단노동시장이론의 타당성이 검증되었다. 실천적으로는 노동조합이나 노동평의회와 같은 노동자 이해대변 조직들이 미니잡 종사자들을 조직화할 필요성, 그리고 산별 협약의 적용 범위를 확장할 필요성도 제기된다. 동시에 본 연구는, 독일 미니잡을 원형으로 한 한국의 '시간 선택제' 일자리는 중요 전제 조건들이 결여된 상태에서는 여성 노동시장 발전에 긍정적 기여를 하기 어려움을 시사한다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제68권1호
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• pp.141-168
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 재독 한인여성의 생애체험을 내부자적인 관점에서 분석함으로써, 이주여성의 고유성을 이해하는 것이다. 이에, 재독 한인여성 A씨의 생애사를 Rosenthal의 내러티브-생애사 연구방법에 따라 분석하였다. 그 결과, A씨의 생애는 자신을 "식민화" 하는 '다수자'의 표준적인 기준에 균열을 일으켜 '탈영토화' 하는 '노동자-되기', '이주자-되기', '여성-되기' 등의 '배치체'로 구성된 '노동이주여성-되기'의 과정으로, 이러한 '노동이주여성-되기'도 끊임없이 새롭게 또 다른 '배치체'로 구성된 '소수자-되기'의 유동적인 과정이며, '차이의 정치', '되기의 정치' 과정이기도 한 것으로 분석되었다. 이에, 이러한 연구결과에 의거해 사회복지실천에 시사하는 함의를 논의하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to derive policy suggestions and new orientations for biotope mapping in Korea from a review of case studies on the classification of biotope typesin Germany. This study was conducted in the following manner: First, the related literature and data on biotopes in Germany was collected. Second, the representative examples at the provincial government level and urban and residential areas were selected. Finally, the characteristics of biotope types, biotope classification systems, and biotope classification criteria were reviewed. The results of reviewing the case examples in Germany are as follows: First, the biotope types at the provincial government level were composed of patterns which existed mostly in natural areas and the corresponding areas of their conditions. Those in urban and residential areas were made up of patterns which were distributed in urban areas and their peripheries. Second, the biotope classification systems at the provincial government level consisted of three steps:large, medium and small. Those in urban and residential areas were made up of two steps: medium and small. However, it is strongly recommended to introduce the biotope classification system composed of three steps. Third, the biotope classification criteria at the provincial government level considered ecological factors and anthropogenic factors except land use forms. Those in urban and residential areas reflected mostly anthropogenic factors and ecological factors. In conclusion, this study suggests that future biotope surveys and mapping in Korea should be investigated not only in urban areas but also in natural and semi-natural areas. In addition, a specified biotope type classification system should be established in Korea.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.88-99
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• 2005

This research aimed to investigate the current trends of rooftop greening techniques of frequent use within and without Korea. It is also expected that this research will help developing new rooftop greening techniques appropriate for Korean environment. Data for this study have been collected from patent applications for rooftop greening techniques; the web sites of the Korean Intellectual Property Office as well as patent offices in Germany and Japan, where active researches on rooftop greening techniques are in progress. 168 applications within a period from the year of 1984 to December of 2004 were examined, among which Japan excelled with its 81 applications followed by Germany(54), Korea(31)and USA(2). In case of Japan, where more patent applications were found than in any other countries, applications for Plant Base(38) excelled others - System(36), Management(4) and Plant(3) in the number of applications. As for Germany, 25 cases were on Plant Base, 25 cases on System, and 4 cases on Plant; in Korea, 15 cases were on Plant Base, 11 cases on System, 3 cases on Plant and 2 cases on Management; in USA, 1 cases were on System and 1 cases on Plant. Overall, the total number of patent applications in three countries reaches 168 cases; among which Plant Base topped in all four countries, followed by 73 cases on System. Applications concerning Plant and Management totalled to 11 and 6 for each. In conclusion, most patents were concentrated on Plant Base and System while researches on Plant and Management still do not get as much attention as they deserve. Research and development of various techniques on Plant must be a precondition for the formation of diverse Bio-tops suitable for the environments of specific areas. Concrete researches on rooftop greening techniques will contribute to the improvement of urban ecosystem by developing more convenient and easily applicable techniques during the time of actual construction.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2021

This article aims to introduce German discussion on the approval of the non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD), which started with the development of PrenaTest^® by LifeCodexx AG. The discussion started with the concern that the non-invasive nature of NIPD, such as PrenaTest^®, may rapidly expand the use and scope of similar tests, thus leading to a new era of eugenics. Based on this concern, the need for clear clinical guidelines on specific indications for NIPD has been suggested. Along the same line, it was discussed whether PrenaTest^® is against the Basic Law prohibiting discrimination on grounds of disability and whether the test is outside the scope of the purpose of gene testing limited by Genetic Diagnosis Act. Through such discussion, the Federal Ministry of Health of Germany established the preconditions for inclusion of NIPD in the German public health insurance system. For this, the German motherhood guideline was amended and the information for the insured persons provided to pregnant women was included in the amended guideline. Such discussion made in Germany provides insight on which points should be considered when various gene testings are accepted in Korea, in which genetic communication has not been systematized yet. In particular, German counseling system for pregnant women will provide valuable insights for Korea where the direction for regulations on abortion has not been established even after the ruling by the Constitutional Court that charges for abortion are against the constitution.

• 한국인구학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.145-179
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• 2002

독일의 가족정책은 집권당이 교체될 때마다 그 당의 정치이념에 따라 정책의 방향과 정책전개수단에 있어서 뚜렷한 변화를 보이면서 발전해 왔고, 각 정당이 추구하는 정책이념은 '가족부(Bundesministerium fuel Familie, Senioren Frauen, Jugend)'라는 가족전담행정부서를 통해 실현되어 왔다. 그러나 정권의 변화로 인한 연방정부의 가족정책의 변화는 당연히 가족부의 집행업무와 정책전개수단에도 지대한 영향을 미쳤고. 가족부의 명칭은 이를 반영하여 여러 번에 걸쳐 교체되어 왔다 이 과정에서 가족부의 정책업무와 구체적인 사업들은 '가족' 또는 '여성과 아동'이라는 정책의 대상집단에 대한 집권당의 이념을 대변하는 도구로 활용되어 왔고. 이는 정책의 목표가 핵가족의 복지향상이 되어야 할 것인지 아니면 개별 가족구성원의 복지에 우위를 두어야 할 것인지에 대한 선택의 문제로 귀결되어 왔다. 이러한 독일 가족정책의 이념적 변천은 아직 가족정책에 대한 방향이 올바르게 설정되어 인지 못하고 정책의 스팩트럼은 잔여적 복지에 머물러 있으며, 정당별 가족정책과 가족전담 중앙행정부서가 존재하지 않는 우리나라의 가족 복지정책에 시사하는 바가 크다

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.79-97
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• 2019

This study aimed for in-depth observation of the status quo of the youth generation's happiness utilizing the Better Life Index and the World Value Survey. To serve this purpose, the study selected 11 of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) member countries (Australia, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Sweden, Turkey, United States) that overlapped with the subject countries of the World Value Survey. The results of the observation first revealed that among the work-life balance levels of youth generations from across the 11 studied countries, the level for Korean youth was in a very poor state. Second, the happiness level of Korean youth also sat among the bottom ranks, with the aspects of politics, friendship, and career casting a heavy influence on importance to life; specifically, the youth generations of Turkey and Germany showed high levels of life purpose, while Korean youth displayed outstanding results in the challenge aspect. The third finding of this study reported that family, religion, power, benevolence, and challenge were commonly related to the happiness level of youth generations in countries with a higher work-life balance. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the much needed attention and support for improving the happiness level of the Korean youth generation, who will eventually play the leading role in our future society.