• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.63 no.1
• /
• pp.81-96
• /
• 2013

We interviewed and surveyed parents of 3 to 6-year-old boys in order to determine designs for indoor apparel that appealed to toddlers. In addition, on the basis of the behavioral characteristics of such boys, improvements in the development of indoor apparels were suggested. Parents preferred indoor apparels because it could be worn as underwear when the kid is outdoors and as outerwear when indoors. These apparels were popular with toddlers. Therefore, indoor apparel that gives the impression of outerwear while performing the function of underwear was designed. Underwear fabric was used, but outerwear apparel design was partially adopted. In order to improve the activity, fabric that could be stretched in any direction was used for the sleeves and pant legs, while organic fabric with soft texture was used for the trunk part of the apparel. Dark-colored material was used for the chest and elbow parts of the clothes in order to prevent contamination in these parts. In particular, a bib was used to prevent contamination in the chest part. Given that toddlers engage in many activities, the fabric needed to be durable, so this led to thick materials being used for the knee part. As certain parents complained about the short length for tops, we increased the length of the tops by 5cm. In the survey items that investigated overall wearability, ease, and suitability for toddlers' activities, the test apparel obtained a higher score than existing apparel did. This indicates that the overall suitability of the newly designed apparel was improved.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.35 no.11
• /
• pp.1309-1321
• /
• 2011

Clothes for a 3 to 6 year-old toddler should be made in consideration of their behavioral characteristics since it is when the physical ability of toddlers has rapidly developed and their social, emotional, and cognitive development are increasingly active. Indoor clothes are the item that consumers prefer because they provide the function of outside underwear when functioning as outerwear when indoors that is used frequently for toddlers. We analyzed the wearing condition and the uncomfortable aspects of toddler's clothes worn indoors through consumer surveys of toddler wear. This study gathers data for the development of indoor clothing that is useful for 3-6 year old toddlers. Consumer surveys indicate that the clothes most worn indoors were underwear (69.4%). The most important aspect in the selection of indoor clothes was the suitability for activities (29%). The preferred colors for indoor clothes were found to be pastel-tone colors (66%). Regarding the uncomfortable aspects of indoor clothes, knees of the clothes (36.8%) have the most naps and the breast of the clothes (37.8%) dirty quickly. Knee parts (35.4%) become worn easily; in addition, the material for the knee area is likely to have naps and require special functions. In conclusion, designing toddler clothing requires elaborated design techniques that consider the characteristics of the subject group and reduce inconveniences. This study will serve as preliminary data to develop ultimate products that have the functionality to meet gender behavior characteristics and the aesthetics for toddlers 3 to 6 years of age.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.55-67
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Toddlers'negative emotionality and mothers' parenting stress and the moderating roles of a husbands'cooperation, mother-teacher partnership, and other social support. The participants of this study were 248 mothers with toddlers aged 24-35 months. The method of research used was the questionnaire method. The collected data were mainly analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ test, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis. The main results of this study were as follows. First, there were differences in mother's parenting stress according to individual characteristics such as mothers employment status, parenting costs, mother's feeling of pregnancy. Second, a moderator effect of a husbands' cooperation was found in the relationship between toddlers'negative emotionality and mothers' parenting stress. Therefore, it was confirmed that husband's cooperation is more of an important factor in nursing children with negative emotions than other support systems.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.41-57
• /
• 2004

Subjects were 88 two-year-old-toddlers(25-36 months of age) and 32 teachers in 13 childcare centers; they were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. The researcher observed teacher-toddler interaction in the picturebook reading situation. Analysis of patterns of teachers' verbal behavior and coding of toddlers' verbal and nonverbal behaviors were based on Senechal, et al.(1995) and Whitehurst, et al.(1988), respectively. In comparison with the control group, toddlers of the experimental group showed significant differences in verbal behavior; they acquired nouns occurring in the picturebooks and more expressive and comprehensive language. After training intervention, teachers of the experimental group showed changes in quality and quantity of verbal behavior.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 2007

Participants in this study on links between toddlers' compliance and variables were 97 toddlers and their mothers. Instruments were the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (Goldsmith, 1988) and the Child Rearing Practice Report-Q Sort (Block, 1981). Toddlers' compliance was observed on clean-up and behavior-delay tasks. Data analysis was by logistic and regression analyses. Results on the clean-up task indicated lower compliance by difficult children and higher compliance by girls. On the behavior-delay task, boys with less difficult temperament showed higher compliance by mother's higher punishment attitudes, whereas highly difficult boys were more compliant by mother's lower punishment attitudes. Girls' compliance was higher than boys in the low inhibition group whereas boys' compliance was higher than girls in the high inhibition group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.127-143
• /
• 2009

Participants in this study were 207 mothers of toddlers; they completed questionnaires on their need for and knowledge level of parent education, parenting efficacy, and parenting stress. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Mothers indicated high need for parent education; their knowledge level was moderate. Most mothers answered they'd like to participate in a parent education program; their preference was for small group programs implemented for 1-2 hours in the morning on weekdays for six sessions. Mothers with more knowledge of parenting information for toddlers showed higher parenting efficacy and experienced less parenting stress.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.25-41
• /
• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parent-teacher relationships on mothers' parenting efficacy especially for toddlers. Methods: 225 mothers of toddlers completed questionnaires on parent-teacher relationships and parenting efficacy. This study used technical statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis in order to analyze the collected data. Results: First, there was a significant correlation between parent-teacher relationships and mothers' parenting efficacy. Second, the parent-teacher relationships was an important factor in predicting mothers' parenting efficacy. In particular, when a teacher and mother develop practical collaboration for caring for and educating a child, the mothers' parenting efficacy was higher. Conclusion/Implications: These findings indicate that the parent-teacher relationship is a significant factor in order to improve the quality of parenting. The results especially support the importance of collaboration between teachers and parents and suggest that we need to find practical ways for collaborating in the field. Limitations of this study and implications for future research were discussed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.161-170
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the feeding patterns, use of dietary supplements, and nutrient intake of Korean toddlers. Methods: We used data for 930 toddlers who participated in the 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2009. Feeding patterns and use of dietary supplements were assessed using standardized questionnaires, and nutrition intake was assessed using the 24 hr recall method. Results: In 2007~2009, 48.7% of toddlers used dietary supplements. Most parents (95.4%) initiated a regime of dietary supplements for their children following the advice of friends or relatives. Only 0.4% of parents followed the advice given by their doctors for dietary supplements use. In the survey of nutrient intake for toddlers, the prevalence of inadequate calcium intake was 53.9% for subjects aged 1 year, 55.2% for 2 years and 65.6% for subjects aged 3 years. The prevalence of inadequate iron intake was 52.0% for subjects aged 1 year, 48.7% for 2 years and 48.4% for subjects aged 3 years. In the survey performed on feeding patterns of toddlers during the infant period, mixed feeding accounted for 57.4%, breast feeding for 32.2%,and formula feeding for 10.4%. Sixty-five percent of toddlers began weaning between 4 and 6 months. Conclusions: This study indicated that a number of toddlers were at risk of inadequate calcium and iron intake. The role of professionals in counseling for qualified dietary intake and dietary supplement use is therefore necessary for Korean toddlers.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.34-43
• /
• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between smartphone addiction and sensory processing ability depending on the time of smartphone usage by at risk of smartphone addiction. Methods : Participants of this study were 124 toddlers in a The data collection period was from September 2019 to December 2019. Measurements in this study included a questionnaire on general information about the subject, a smartphone addiction scale, and a short sensory profile. Methods for the data analysis included descriptive statistics and an independent t-test using SPSS 22.0. Results : There were significant differences between groups depending on smartphone usage time in terms of total smartphone addiction, salience, impulse-compulsive use, withdrawal, tolerance, and interpersonal conflict among toddlers. There were also significant difference in sensory processing ability between groups according to the total Short Sensory Profile score (and in all sub-domains; p=.000 ~ .042). Conclusion : This study found that there was a difference in smartphone addiction and sensory processing ability depending on the smartphone usage time of toddlers at risk of smartphone. It is meaningful because it raises the need for education on the use of smartphones by toddlers.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.94-101
• /
• 2024

Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a significant burden to infant and toddler's care globally, while the disease severity is generally mild in this age group. In this study, we aimed to assess epidemiological and clinical aspects of COVID-19 in infants and toddlers in Seoul, South Korea. Methods: We used Seoul Metropolitan Government's epidemiological investigation database to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in infants and toddlers, between March 2020 to December 2021. Results: A total of 5,025 infants and toddlers aged <5 years was diagnosed between the observed period. 2,720 (54.1%) had symptoms, and fever was the most common symptom in 1,941 (74.1%). Of the diagnosed cases, 96.4% did not have underlying diseases. In a district level, extended opening of childcare facility was associated with increased risk of COVID-19 in infants and toddlers. Conclusions: An efficient monitoring system, resembling routine clinical care, is crucial, considering the low rates of severe progression and fatality among infants and toddlers. Moreover, a well-grounded intervention based on scientific evidence, rather than unconditional closures, is necessary to establish a suitable childcare policy that ensures safety from infectious diseases while not overlooking the developmental aspects of social skills.