• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the operating characteristics, water balance and chemical properties of compost during the composting with pig slurry on-farm trial. The composting plant with sawdust pile filteration was done in a forced aeration inside a house and equipped with a turning machine moving on a rails. The composting pit was 4.6m wide, 53m long and the maximum height was 2m. A field scale aerobic composting facility was tested the composting efficiency of high moisture pig slurry. The sawdust materials remained 6 months. Pig slurry was added to compost pile every other day during 6 months run. The temperature in compost pile and compost house, and input and output of moisture were measured during composting process. The result are summarized as follows; 1. The temperature of compost was varied in range of at $22.4^{\circ}C{\sim}71.1^{\circ}C$. After turning, the composting temperature decreased to $50^{\circ}C{\sim}36^{\circ}C$ during $3{\sim}5$ hours, and then raised to $64.5^{\circ}C$ 2. The temperature of compost house was maintained $20^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, and relative humidity was varied in range of $50{\sim}99%$. 3. BOD, CODcr and SS of leachate water was reduced 89.5%, 81.2%, 97.5%, respectively. 4. The content of heavy metal in the final compost was lower those of Korea standards. 5. The amount of effluent was 10.2%. Total evaporation during composting Period were 74.8%. The amount of slurry per $1m^3$ sawdust was $3.16m^3$ without treatment of effluent output.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2015

The interest of the people in the radioactive contamination of the water has increased significantly and the study about analysis and management of radioactive materials are being actively conducted. And monitoring spots have been expanded to the range of public water as well as drinking water by publishing the rule of drinking water quality standards and examination in the Environmental Enforcement Ordinance No. 553 of Korea. In this study, US EPA was investigated as the foreign advanced cases and the way that is appropriate for the Korea was sought by analyzing investigate radionuclide, interval and management. As a result, in the selection part of investigate radionuclide, geological survey, status of nuclear power plants and the presence of the use of artificial radionuclides of the Korea should be investigated and additionally after the selection of a few radionuclides, the systems should be extended to cover all possible radionuclides by considering radioactive pollution levels in humans may be exposed due to the annual drinking water. In the part of the investigate interval, the concept(MCL, DL) should be set up for preventing concentration detection of above MCL and it needs to the maintenance and management. For example, when the concentration is more than MCL, it should be investigated on a quarterly and when the concentration is lower than MCL, it should be investigated to each different interval and management. And the US EPA divided the management area and make the roadmap for managing drinking water. The each classified area has been organized to match the state budget and labor force and the individual data have been managed effectively by HPGe, the NaI, TLD and so on.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2015

Now that it is the current situation that the smooth supply and demand are necessary for 2nd phase of beginning construction and stable development of Gaesung Industrial Complex, this study was willing to offer the planning criteria and model to establish the lodging for the workers in Gaesung Industrial Complex based on the agreement that both South and North Korea agreed in 2007. Regarding the plan, its standard and the alternative were reviewed considering welfare of workers, economic efficiency, technical validity, possibility of agreement and long-term development. The exclusive area per capita was calculated through Labor Standards Act of Korea and status survey of lodging for the workers provided to border line area between China and North Korea and the economic alternative based on one room for 6 persons with the public restroom was compared with that of development type based on one room for 4 persons with indoor restroom. Especially regarding the proposed site, the area with the optimized position was set by considering gradient, accessibility and convenience of development out of the area of Dongchang-ri where was agreed already and the priority of the proposed site that can keep the existing building site and provide was offered. The necessary period for whole construction was set as approximately 36 months. Regarding construction method, RC Rahmen method was selected as the optimized alternative considering the workmanship of manpower of North Korea and conditions of supply and demand of materials and cluster-type vehicle allocation plan based on 4~6 units considering the efficiency of supplying service facilities and convenient facilities along the simultaneous accommodation of 15,000 people was offered. It was analyzed that total business expenses of approximately 80~100 billion Korean Won would required though there were the difference for each alternative in the charged rental way that the development business owner develops by lending the inter-Korea Cooperation Fund and withdraws the rent by the benefit principle. The possibility of withdrawing the rent was analyzed assuming that the period of withdrawing the investment is 30 years. Especially for the operation management after moving, the establishment of the committee of operating the lodging for the workers of Gaesung Industrial Complex (tentative name) was offered with the dualized governance that the constructor takes charge of operational management, collecting fees and management of infrastructure and human resource management is delegated to North Korea.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.23-40
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the quality changes of the UHT(ultra-high temperature), LTLT(law temperature long time) and HTST(high temperature short time) treated milk samples by storage conditions for 6 months from August 2000 to February 2001. The UHT treated milk samples collected from 3 plants(A, B and C) were stored at l0$^{\circ}$C and room temperature(dark and light exposure) for 6 months, and the LTLT and HTST treated milk samples(D and E) were also stored for 30 days. The UHT pasteurized milk of A, B and C plant was treated at 130$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s, 133$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s and 135$^{\circ}$C for 4s, respectively. The UHT sterilized milk of A and B plant was treated at 140$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s and 145$^{\circ}$C for 3-4s, respectively. The LTLT milk of D plant was treated at 63$^{\circ}$C for 30 mins, and the HTST milk of E plant was treated at 72$^{\circ}$C for 15s. All of the raw milk samples collected from storage tank in 5 milk plants were showed less than 4.0 X 10$^5$cfu/ml in standard plate count, and normal level in acidity, specific gravity, and component of milk. Preservatives, antibiotics, sulfonamides and available chloride were not detected in both raw and heat treated milk samples obtained from 5 plants. One(10%) of 10 UHT pasteurized milk samples obtained from B plant and 2 (20%) of 10 from C were not detected in bacterial count after storage at 37$^{\circ}$C for 14 days, but all of the 10 milk samples from A were detected. No coliforms were detected in all samples tested. No bacteria were also detected in carton, polyethylene and tetra packs collected from the milk plants. A total of 300 UHT pasteurized milk samples collected from 3 plants were stored at room(3$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C) for 3 and 6 months, 11.3%(34/300) were kept normal in sensory test, and 10.7%(32/300)were negative in bacterial count. The UHT pasteurized milk from A deteriorated faster than the UHT pasteurized milk from B and C. The bacterial counts in the UHT pasteurized milk samples stored at 10$^{\circ}$C were kept less than standard limit(2 ${\times}$ 10$^4$ cfu/ml) of bacteria for 5 days, and bacterial counts in some milk samples were a slightly increased more than the standard limit as time elapsed for 6 months. When the milk samples were stored at room(3$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C), the bacterial counts in most of the milk samples from A plant were more than the standard limit after 3 days of storage, but in the 20%${\sim}$30%(4${\sim}$6/20) of the milk samples from B and C were less than the standard limit after 6 months of storage. The bacterial counts in the LTLT and HTST pasteurized milk samples were about 4.0 ${\times}$ 10$^3$ and 1.5 ${\times}$ 101CFU/ml at the production day, respectively. The bacterial counts in the samples were rapidly increased to more than 10$^7$ CFU/ml at room temperature(12$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C) for 3 days, but were kept less than 2 ${\times}$ 10$^3$ CFU/ml at refrigerator(l0$^{\circ}$C) for 7 days of storage. The sensory quality and acidity of pasteurized milk were gradually changed in proportion to bacterial counts during storage at room temperature and 10$^{\circ}$C for 30 days or 6 months. The standard limit of bacteria in whole market milk was more sensitive than those of sensory and chemical test as standards to determine the unaccepted milk. No significant correlation was found in keeping quality of the milk samples between dark and light exposure at room for 30 days or 6 months. The compositions of fat, solids not fat, protein and lactose in milk samples were not significantly changed according to the storage conditions and time for 30 days or 6 months. The UHT sterilized milk samples(A plant ; 20 samples, B plant ; 110 samples) collected from 2 plants were not changed sensory, chemical and microbiological quality by storage conditions for 6 months, but only one sample from B was detected the bacteria after 60 days of storage. The shelflife of UHT pasteurized milk in this study was a little longer than that reported by previous surveys. Although the shelflife of UHT pasteurized milk made a significant difference among three milk plants, the results indicated that some UHT pasteurized milk in polyethylene coated carton pack could be stored at room temperature for 6 months. The LTLT and HTST pasteurized milk should be sanitarily handled, kept and transported under refrigerated condition(below 7$^{\circ}$C) in order to supply wholesome milk to consumers.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of completing death certificates among medical students. Methods: The self-administered questionnaires were completed, during May to August 2007, by 380 medical students in senior. The questionnaire was composed of 10 cases to write the death certificate. The cause-of-deaths written by students were compared with the gold standards and their errors in the certificates also evaluated. Results: Mean agreement score for 10 underlying cause-of-deaths completed on the lowest line of part I in the death certificate (UC1) was $4.8{\pm}1.7$, and for underlying cause-of-death selected by a coder of the death certificates (UC2) was $5.6{\pm}1.5$. The UC1 and UC2 were significantly higher among the students having the case-oriented education for death certificate than others. For the major errors in the certificates completed by students, the students having the error with no antecedent cause were highest, the error with two or more conditions secondly highest. Mean number of errors was significantly lower in the case-oriented education group than others. Conclusions: Errors are common in the death certificates completed by medical students in senior. The accuracy of death certification may be more improved with the case-oriented education than the traditional method.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2011

A method was established for the simultaneous determination of sugar alcohols, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, inositol, mannitol, maltitiol, lactitol and isomalt by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The sugar alcohols were converted into strong ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing derivatives with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride (PNBC). HPLC was performed on Imtakt Unison US-$C_18$ column, using acetonitrile: water (77:23) as a mobile phase and UV detection (260 nm). The calibration curves for all sugar alcohols tested were linear in the 10~200 mg/L range. The average recoveries of the sugar alcohols from three confectioneries spiked at 100 ppm of eight sugar alcohol standards ranged from 81.2 to 123.1% with relative standard deviations ranging fromo 0.2 to 4.9%. The limits of detection (LODs) were $0.5{\sim}8\;{\mu}g/L$ and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were $2{\sim}17\;{\mu}g/L$. Reproducibility of 8 sugar alcohols was 0.28~1.97 %RSD. The results of the analysis of confectioneries showed that 89 samples of 130 were detected and the sugar alcohols content of samples investigated varied between 0.4 and 693.7 g/kg. A method for the simultaneous determination of eight sugar alcohols will be used as basic data for control of sugar alcohols in confectioneries, and quality control in food manufacturing.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.155-166
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• 1980

Studies have teen undertaken to investigate the degree of microbial contamination in the subsidiary materials which have been known as an important source of microorganisms associated with spoilage of fish sausage and fish paste products. Twenty hinds of food ingredients including starch, spices and condiments, 59 samples in total collected from commercial fish sausage processing plants and supermarket in the period of July to October 1979, were examined for standard plate count, coliform and fecal coliform, mold and yeast, thermoduric microorganisms, aerobic sporeformers (mesophilic and thermophilic), anaerobic sporeformers (mesophilic and thermophilic) and sulfide spoilage anaerobes. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Among the food ingredients examined, corn starch, black pepper, hot pepper, onion, garlic, ginger, beef extract and frank marked high bacterial contamination with general and sporeforming microorganisms. And bacterial content of marked samples were generally higher than that of the samples from plants. 2. The high standard plate count caused by high content of these bacteria like thermoduric, mesophilic or thermophilic sporeforming aerobes. 3. Bacterial content of food ingredients such as black pepper and beef extract being used in plants, and black pepper, hot pepper, onion and garlic from the market were exceeded the bacterial standards being enforced in Japan and U. S. A. 4. Average standard plate count was in the range of 10$^4$to 10$^{5}$ /g for black pepper, wheat flour, onion and garlic collected from plants, and 10$^{5}$ to 10$^{7}$ /g for black pepper, hot pepper, onion and garlic from market. No plate count was observed in pepper essence and coloring material. 5. Coliform organism was detected in starch, black pepper, hot pepper, onion, garlic, ginger and gluten that showed high standard plate but no fecal coliform in the samples except black pepper and hot pepper. 6. Average mold and yeast count was 140 to 460/g for corn starch, wheat flour and black pepper from plants, and 10$^3$/g for black pepper and hot pepper from market. No count was observed in the other ingredients. 7. Sulfide spoilage sporeforming anaerobes boiled for 5 min. at 10$0^{\circ}C$ and incubated at 55$^{\circ}C$ was not detected in all the samples examined.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.7
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• pp.1-26
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• 1967

In order to develop the standards for the measurement of drought resistance in mulberry trees (Morus genus) the varietal differences of drought resistance were measured for 30 mulberry varieties, and the relationships between the drought resistance and the histological and physiological characteristics of mulberry leaves were investigated. The results were summarized as follows; 1. It is reasonable to use the drought resistance ratio, expressed by D/D'＊100, for the standard of drought resistance measurement for mulberry tree as a perennial tree crop. Where: D stands for growth amount(shoot length) in the plot of dry treatment, at the end of treatment. D' stands for an expected value of D which is expressed by B＊C/A. Here, A is the growth amount of wet treatment plot at the beginning of treatment, B is the growth amount of dry treatment plot at the beginning of treatment, and C is the growth amount of wet treatment plot at the end of treatment. 2. The results obtained from the application of above formula showed that the varieties Cadaneo, Tahozosaeng, Yongchunchuwu, Kaeryang suban. and Kabsun were highly resistant to drought and the varieties Jukmok, Shipyung, Sobun, Kaeryangzosaeng shipmoonza and Chungagokyo were highly susceptible. 3. Among leaf tissues. the rate of inter-cellular space showed the highest relationship with drought resistance. The correlation coefficient calculated (r=0.4153) was highly significant. Other leaf tissues such as epidermis and palisade showed no significant correlations with drought resistance. 4. The size and density of stomata were correlated to drought resistance. That is: Correlation between drought resistance and size of stomata(length ${\times}$ width)......r= -0. 3253(signif. at 5%) density(No. of stomata/l$\textrm{mm}^2$......r= +0.5047(signif. at 1%)

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2001

Sanitary management practices were assessed to insure the safety of school foodservice, to prevent the outbreak of foodborne illness, and to improve the quality of school foodservice. To accomplish these objectives, a survey was conducted and analyzed on elementary and high school foodservice operations located in Seoul area. A Questionnaire from based on HACCP standards was developed and used for self-reported evaluation of the school foodservice managers on their sanitary management practices. The results were analysed by examining their activities and identifying weaknesses in those activities. The questionnaire was composed of three sectors with all 53 questions; 33 questions for time-temperature management, 5 for personal hygiene and 15 for equipment/facility sanitation. Five-point-scale was used on the questionnaire answers. Among the schools responded,253 (98.4% of the total) were elementary schools and 19 (1.6%) were high schools. Among the three sectors, personal hygiene performance was mostly well conducted by marking average 4.06$\pm$0.57. Equipment/facility sanitation came next by marking average 3.84$\pm$0.53. Time-temperature marked average 3.45$\pm$0.46. “Storage after cooking (2.03$\pm$0.94)”was identified as the least managed activities because the school foodservice operations were not equipped well with hot holding and/or cold holding. “Separate use of sink per usage (3.03$\pm$1.10)” and “proper location of hand washing facility (3.07$\pm$1.13))” were identified as the least practiced activities in equipment/facility sanitation sector. To enhance these practices, proper number of sinks and hand washing facilities should be equipped first within the kitchen area.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.613-620
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• 2008

The genetic parameters used in National Hanwoo Genetic Evaluation(NHGE) were needed to be monitored and updated periodically for accounting any possible changes in population parameters due to selection and environmental changes. Genetic parameters were estimated with single and two-trait models with MTDFREML package using 2,791 carcass records of steers collected from Hanwoo Progeny Test Program(HPTP). Single and two-trait models gave similar parameter estimates for all traits. The heritability estimates from single and two-trait models for carcass weight(CW), dressing percentage(DP), eye muscle area(EMA), back fat thickness(BFT) and marbling score(MS) were 0.30, 0.30, 0.37, 0.44 and 0.44, respectively. The heritability estimates for all the traits except BFT were slightly lower than those used in NHGE but seemed to be within the acceptable ranges. However, further monitoring is needed because the data might not have fully reflected the changes such as carcass grading standards in performance testing program. In order to shift statistical model of NHGE from single trait model to multiple-trait model, the genetic correlations between carcass traits were estimated with pairwise two-trait models. The genetic correlation coefficients between CW and DP, between CW and EMA, between CW and BFT and between CW and MS were 0.44, 0.63, 0.17 and 0.06, respectively. Those between DP and EMA, between DP and BFT and between DP and MS were 0.29, 0.40 and 0.20. Those between EMA and BFT and between EMA and MS were －0.24 and 0.15, respectively. The genetic correlation coefficient between BFT and MS was 0.03.