• 제목/요약/키워드: Korean red ginseng extract

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Pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K after oral administration of Korean Red Ginseng extract

  • Kim, Hyung-Ki
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제37권4호
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    • pp.451-456
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    • 2013
  • Compound K is a major metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, which has various pharmacological activities in vivo and in vitro. However, previous studies have focused on the pharmacokinetics of a single metabolite or the parent compound and have not described the pharmacokinetics of both compounds in humans. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K, we performed an open-label, single-oral dose pharmacokinetic study using Korean Red Ginseng extract. We enrolled 10 healthy Korean male volunteers in this study. Serial blood samples were collected during 36 h after Korean Red Ginseng extract administration to determine plasma concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K. The mean maximum plasma concentration of compound K was $8.35{\pm}3.19$ ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that of ginsenoside Rb1 ($3.94{\pm}1.97$ ng/mL). The half-life of compound K was 7 times shorter than that of ginsenoside Rb1. These results suggest that the pharmacokinetics, especially absorption, of compound K are not influenced by the pharmacokinetics of its parent compound, except the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration The delayed absorption of compound K support the evidence that the intestinal microflora play an important role in the transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K.

Oxidative stability of extracts from red ginseng and puffed red ginseng in bulk oil or oil-in-water emulsion matrix

  • Lee, Sang-Jun;Oh, Sumi;Kim, Mi-Ja;Sim, Gun-Sub;Moon, Tae Wha;Lee, JaeHwan
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제42권3호
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    • pp.320-326
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    • 2018
  • Background: Explosive puffing can induce changes in the chemical, nutritional, and sensory quality of red ginseng. The antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts of red ginseng and puffed red ginseng were determined in bulk oil and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. Methods: Bulk oils were heated at $60^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ and O/W emulsions were treated under riboflavin photosensitization. In vitro antioxidant assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhudrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content, were also performed. Results: The total ginsenoside contents of ethanolic extract from red ginseng and puffed red ginseng were 42.33 mg/g and 49.22 mg/g, respectively. All results from above in vitro antioxidant assays revealed that extracts of puffed red ginseng had significantly higher antioxidant capacities than those of red ginseng (p < 0.05). Generally, extracts of puffed red and red ginseng had high antioxidant properties in riboflavin photosensitized O/W emulsions. However, in bulk oil systems, extracts of puffed red and red ginseng inhibited or accelerated rates of lipid oxidation, depending on treatment temperature and the type of assay used. Conclusion: Although ethanolic extracts of puffed red ginseng showed stronger antioxidant capacities than those of red ginseng when in vitro assays were used, more pro-oxidant properties were observed in bulk oils and O/W emulsions.

진행성 위암 환자에서 수술 후 홈삼엑기스에 의한 면역 조절자 역할에 관한 전향적 연구 (Prospective Study for Korean Red Ginseng Extract as an Immune Modulator Following a Curative Gastric Resection in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer)

  • 서성옥;김진;조민영
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.104-110
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    • 2004
  • 본 연구는 근치적 위절제 및 림프절 절제와 혹은 절제불가능 환자에서 항암화학요법 치료를 받는 위암환자에서 홍삼액기스 투여군에서 비록 각군의 대상 개체의 표본수가 적음에도 불구하고 홍삼엑기스 투여군에서 항암 cytokine으로 알려진 IL-2가 위암 대조군에 비하여 높게 나타나고 숙주의 항암 면역기능을 저해하는 cytokine인 IL-10은 수술 후 1개월에 홍삼엑기스 투여군에서 위암 대조군에 보다 그 감소비가 높게 나타났으며, 수술 후 3개월에는 홍삼엑기스 투여군에서만 건강 대조군 값에 접근하는 결과를 보여 보조 항암 화학요법 기간에서 홍삼엑기스의 투여는 위암 환자에서의 숙주의 항암 면역 억제의 현상을 빠른 시간 내에 회복시킬 수 있는 효과가 있는 것으로 보여진다. 대단위 개체를 포함하는 지속적인 추가 연구의 필요성이 절실하며 이러한 추가 연구가 진행 된다면 홍삼엑기스의 위암환자에서의 항암 면역기능의 역할을 임상적으로 증명 할 수 있으리라고 기대 된다.

황색포도상구균을 포함한 식중독 미생물들에 대한 홍삼의 항균효과 (Antimicrobial Effect of Red Ginseng Against Major Food Poisoning Microorganisms Including Staphylococcus aureus)

  • 곽이성;정명균;장경화;한민우;유병일
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.382-390
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    • 2020
  • S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger 등 4종의 식중독균에 대해 agar diffusion법을 이용하여 홍삼(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)으로 부터 조제한 홍삼농축액, 조사포닌, 비수용성 분획에 대한 항균활성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 홍삼농축액 및 비수용성분획은 E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger에 대해서는 항균활성을 나타내지 않았고 조사포닌도 고농도인 30%를 제외한 모든 농도에서 항균활성을 나타내지 않았다. S. aureus는 Gram positive 세균으로서 화농성 식중독의 원인균이면서 동시에 아토피성 피부염의 원인균으로 알려져 있는데, 홍삼농축액은 30% 농도에서 이 균에 대해 항균활성을 나타내었고 조사포닌도 7.5%에서 항균활성을 나타내었다. 홍삼으로부터 조제한 비수용성 분획도 10~200 mg/mL 농도로 실험한 결과 모든 분획에서 항균효과를 나타내었다. 조사포닌 및 홍삼농축액의 미생물 생육저해양상을 조사하기 위해 미리 S. aureus를 접종한 0.85% 생리식염수에 농축액 및 조사포닌을 농도별로 첨가하고 35℃, 12시간 배양한 후 생균수를 측정한 결과, 홍삼농축액은 10% 이상의 농도에서, 조사포닌은 2% 이상의 농도에서 각각 균의 생육을 억제하였다. 그러나 이러한 농도에서도 생균수는 완전히 사멸되지 않아서 홍삼농축액 및 조사포닌의 S. aureus에 대한 생육억제작용은 살균작용이 아닌 정균 작용으로 추정되었다. 사포닌의 항균활성 유무를 확인하기 위해 순수 분리된 ginsenoside 6종(PT saponin, PD saponin, ginsenoside-Rb2,-Rc,-Rd,-Rf,-Rg2)의 항균활성을 50~200 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 조사한 결과 모두 항균효과가 관찰되지 않아서 ginsenoside는 S. aureus에 대해서는 항균효과가 없는 것으로 사료된다. 한편 사포닌을 제외한 비사포닌 성분인 비수용성분획에 대해 상기의 4종 병원성미생물을 대상으로 항균활성을 조사한 결과 E. coli, C. albicans, A. niger에 대해서는 항균효과가 관찰되지 않았고 S. aureus에 대해서만 선택적인 항균활성을 나타내었다. 항균활성 발현 비수용성분획 중 15% methanol분획(MF-1)이 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내어 이에 대한 최소생육저해농도를 조사한 결과 0.625 mg/mL 이었다. MF-1 분획을 질량분석기(HPLC-MS)로 조사한 결과 주요한 활성성분은 분자량 179.55 및 187.55를 가지는 물질로 추정되었다.

홍삼에탄올추출물의 염증유발인자에 대한 억제효과 (Red Ginseng Ethanol Extract Suppressed Ag I/II-induced Up-expression of Inflammatory Mediators in RAW 264.7 Macrophages)

  • 최경민;황승미;임지예;고은실;박종혁;문정혜;이민정;장지은;차정단
    • 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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    • 제43권2호
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    • pp.158-163
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구에서, 우리는 S. mutans Ag I/II 재조합단백질에 의해 유도되어진 염증유발 단백질의 발현에 홍삼 40% 에탄올 추출물의 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 홍삼에탄올추출물은 Ag I/II 재조합단백질에 의해 유도되어진 염증유발물질들의 mRNA와 단백질의 발현을 억제하였다. 더불어 홍삼에탄올 추출물은 NF-κΒ p65가 핵내로 이용하는 것이 억제하였다. 결론적으로 홍삼 40%에탄올추출물은 NF-κB의 활성에 의해 NO 생성과 iNOS 발현이 조절되어지는 것으로 생각되어지며, 염증유발 관련 유전자들의 낮은 발현을 유도하는 것으로 관찰되어졌다.

홍삼농축액에서 Saccharomyces cerevisiae와 Saccharomyces carlsbergensis에 의한 Ginsenosides의 bioconversion (Bioconversion of Ginsenosides in Red Ginseng Extract by Saccharomycescerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis)

  • 장미;민진우;김주한;김세영;양덕춘
    • 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국자원식물학회 2010년도 정기총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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    • pp.16-16
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    • 2010
  • Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is reported to have many pharmaceutical activities. The minor ginsenosides(Rd, Rg3, Rh2 and compound K) display pharmaceutical properties superior to those of the major ginsenosides. These minor ginsenosides, which contribute a very small percentage, are produced by hydrolysis of the sugar moieties of the major ginsenosides. The pH of red ginseng extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis decreased rapidly during 3 days of fermentation, with no further significant change thereafter. After 20 days of fermentation, a relatively small difference remained in the acidity of extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae (0.54%) and S. carlsbergensis (0.58%). Reducing sugar in the S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis extracts decreased from 25.86 to 4.54 mg/ml and 4.32 mg/ml glucose equivalents, respectively; and ethanol contents increased from 1.5% at day 0 to 16.0 and 15.0%, respectively, at 20 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rf, and Rg1 decreased during the fermentation with S. cerevisiae, but Rd and Rg3 increased by 12 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re and Rg1 decreased gradually in the extract with S. carlsbergensis, but Rd and Rg3 were increased at 6 days and 9 days.

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Protective effects of red ginseng extract against vaginal herpes simplex virus infection

  • Cho, Ara;Roh, Yoon Seok;Uyangaa, Erdenebileg;Park, Surim;Kim, Jong Won;Lim, Kyu Hee;Kwon, Jungkee;Eo, Seong Kug;Lim, Chae Woong;Kim, Bumseok
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • 제37권2호
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    • pp.210-218
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    • 2013
  • Numerous studies have suggested that Korean red ginseng (KRG) extract has various immune modulatory activities both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used a mouse model to examine the effects of orally administered KRG extract on immunity against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Balb/c mice were administered with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg oral doses of KRG extract for 10 d and then vaginally infected with HSV. We found that KRG extract rendered recipients more resistant against HSV vaginal infection and further systemic infection, including decreased clinical severity, increased survival rate, and accelerated viral clearance. Such results appeared to be mediated by increased vaginal IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion. Moreover, increased mRNA expression of IFN-${\gamma}$, granzyme B, and Fas-ligand was identified in the iliac lymph node and vaginal tracts of KRG extract treated groups (200 and 400 mg/kg). These results suggest that the activities of local natural killer cells were promoted by KRG extract consumption and that KRG may be an attractive immune stimulator for helping hosts overcome HSV infection.

홍삼 투여가 방사선에 조사된 생쥐 신장의 Superoxide Dismutase에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Red Ginseng Extract on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in the Kidney of Gamma-ray Irradiated Mice)

  • 박영순
    • 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.123-130
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    • 1992
  • 감마선에 조사된 흰쥐의 신장 내의 효소활성에 홍삼 추출물이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 연구하고자 생후 5주령의 생쥐를 4군으로 분류하여 감마선 조사 및 홍삼 추출물 투여 혹은 생리적 식염수를 투여하고 그로부터 1일, 2일, 3일, 4일 및 5일 등 5회에 걸쳐 도살하여 신장을 취하고 신장조직 내의 SOD, peroxidase 및 catalase 등의 활성도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 홍삼 추출물 투여군은 대조군에 비하여 SOD나 catalase 및 peroxidase의 활성이 유의성있게 증가하다가 회복하였으며 감마선 조사 후 생리적 식염수 투여군은 대조군에 비하여 SOD, peroxidase 및 catalase의 활성이 증가하다가 감소하는 경향이었다. 감마선 조사후 홍삼 추출물 투여군은 SOD, peroxidase 및 catalase의 활성도가 감마선 조사 후 생리적 식염수 투여군에 비하여 보다 빠르게 회복되는 경향이었다. 그러므로 홍삼 추출물이 이온화 방사선 조사 후 장해로 일어나는 SOD, peroxidase 및 catalase 활성도의 변화에 회복효과가 있음이 나타났다.

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기니피그에서 홍삼 사포닌의 2,3,7,8-TCDD 독성 방어 효과 (Protective Effects of Red Ginseng Saponins against to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Induced Toxicity in Guinea Pigs)

  • 황석연;이찬용
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.259-268
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    • 2009
  • This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of Red Ginseng Saponins on 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced toxicities in guinea pigs ($200{\pm}10$ g). Normal control (NC) group guinea pigs ($200{\pm}10$ g) received vehicle and saline, while the TCDD-treated (TT) group was given water-extract (WE), saponin fraction (SF) and non-saponin fraction (NSF). Korean red ginseng fractions were administered from 1 week before TCDD-exposure for 4 weeks. Body weight loss and deteriorated clinical parameters related to sugar metabolism and liver function such as lipase and AST, respectively, these were significantly reduced by both saponin and non-saponin fractions. However, increase of lipase was attenuated by the saponin fraction in a dose-dependent manner. Only AST was affected by the saponin fraction. The results suggest that saponins are active substances in the Korean red ginseng water extract against TCDD induced toxicities in Guinea pigs.

Changes in Chemical Composition of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Extract With Alcohol Extraction

  • Shin, Kwang-Soon;Oh, Sung-Hoon;Kim, Tae-Young;Yoon, Brian;Park, Sung-Sun;Suh, Hyung-Joo
    • Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.212-218
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    • 2008
  • We extracted red ginseng with various alcohol concentrations and evaluated total carbohydrate, uronic acid, polyphenols compounds and ginsenoside contents, and yields of alcohol extract. The water extraction (0% alcohol extraction) showed a high level of total carbohydrate content. 10% and 20% alcohol extraction showed the highest uronic acid contents (7,978.8 and $7,872.7\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract, respectively). The efficiency order of the red ginseng extract (RGE) preparations in liberating polyphenols was: $0{\sim}50%$ alcohol${\geq}\;60%$ alcohol> $70{\sim}90%$ alcohol. Solid contents in RGE were decreased with increased alcohol concentration; the same tendency as with the results of total carbohydrate content. Total ginsenoside contents in $20{\sim}50%$ alcohol extracts showed similar levels ($442,962.9{\sim}47,930.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). Water extraction showed the lowest ginsenoside content ($14,509.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). The ginsenoside contents at above 60% alcohol were decreased with increased alcohol concentration. Generally, ginsenoside (Rg2, Rg1, Rf, Re, Rd, Rb2, Rc and Rb1) contents were increased with increased alcohol concentrations. However, Rg3 content was decreased with increases in alcohol concentration.