• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.116-130
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• 2011

Ethnic fashion and makeup were studied. 264 fashion designs from pret-$\`{a}$-porter collections in Milan and New York from 2001 S/S to 2005 F/W were analyzed. The major conclusions of the study are as the following: 1. The major types of ethnic fashion and makeup were Africa. American Indian. Japan, India. China and Inca. Makeup types expressed in ethnic fashion were soft smoky, smoky, retro, nature, avant-garde, eastern. 2. Makeup types expressed in ethnic fashion were used for the image for the designer's collections rather than ethnic features. Soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more used than others. 3. Soft smoky makeup types were more expressed in S/S seasons than in F/W seasons. In F/W seasons soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more expressed than other types. 4. Soft smoky and smoky makeup types were more expressed than others in Milan and New York collections commonly. 5. To emphasize the ethnic image for ethnic fashion, ethnic makeup arts like China, Japan, India, Africa, American Indian, Inca makeup arts and soft smoky, smoky makeup arts were represented.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.256-276
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• 2023

In South Korea, it has become popular for adolescent girls to wear makeup. From social perspectives on their makeup use, however, it remains controversial among parents, teachers, and even the girls. This study examined the status of adolescent girls' makeup usage, identified factors that influence their makeup use, and laid the groundwork for establishing a social consensus on makeup use among adolescent girls in South Korean society. Data from South Korean adolescent girls were collected and analyzed using MANOVA for repeated measures, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. Adolescent girls were found to wear less makeup at school than outside of school. Additionally, their makeup use was influenced by both positive (e.g., fashion leaders and social support from friends) and negative factors (e.g., low self-esteem). The findings of this study suggest that instead of strict bans against the use of makeup by girls, educational programs are needed to help adolescent girls grow up with healthy perspectives.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2017

This study conducted in-depth interviews with twelve men in their twenties and employed the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) to identify the ideal self-image and fantasy of men wearing makeup. The results are as follows. First, the ideal self-images of men wearing makeup can be divided into 7 images (well-managed, dissimilar from real identity, masculine, neat, stylish, standing out, and formal). Men who wear makeup pursued an alternative decent image that is different from their reality. They want to be manly, attractive, decorous, and eye-catching through a better looking face. Second, men who wear makeup have insecurities about their looks and personalities that creates dissatisfaction with reality and a desire for a different idealistic self. Makeup was the tool to create the other entity. Makeup facilitated a fantasy of becoming another to gain increased confidence in social relationships. However, without makeup, they showed a lack of confidence and became intimidated that made them even further dependent on makeup. Third, the process helped participants complete a consensus map that represented the emotional and reasoning structures of men wearing makeup. This study showed 7 ideal self-images of men wearing makeup with a fantasy to create a desired ideal self by wearing makeup. The study can be applied to marketing strategy for men's cosmetics and plates' designs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.137-149
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• 2002

This study was made to investigate the differences in Korean woman's perceived makeup image and self-consciousness according to their expectation level in socio-psychological effect of makeup, and to gather information needed for the better understanding of cosmetics consumers and more effective marketing activities of cosmetics industries. Normative-descriptive survey method using questionnaire was employed for the present study. The survey was conducted in August 2001 and the sample consisted of 942 women between the ages of 18 and 50 residing in Seoul and Kyungi province. Data were analyzed by SPSS package. Factor analysis, ANOVA, and MANOVA were employed for the analysis of the data. The results are as follows : (1) Six factors emerged from the data related to the category of expected socio-psychological effect of makeup. Those factors were named as "increasing positiveness", "refreshment", "covering weakness", "self-expression", "consideration for others", and "the tool for self-change". Four factors were found in the category of makeup image, and the factors were named as "refinement", "nobility", "favorable impression ", and "personality ". (2) There was a tendency that those who highly expect the socio-psychological effect of makeup have more positive self-image. Considering this differences in self-image according to the level of expected socio-psychological effect of makeup. service activities for the consumers' positive opinion and attitude to the effect of makeup are needed, and it seems that those service activities will have a good influence on the consumers' emotional health. (3) Subjects with higher level of social anxiety showed higher expectations in refreshment, covering weakness and self-expression. Considering this trend, marketers have to make an constant effort for the variety of cosmetics and makeup manner by which consumers satisfy their expectation in makeup. It seems that the satisfaction of their expectation on the help of makeup effect will contribute to lessen social anxiety, and to get emotional stability. (4) Subjects with higher personal self-anxiety showed higher expectations of the effect. "increase of positiveness". Therefore, if the product advertisement imply the content of increasing positiveness effect of makeup, it might appeal more easily to their consumers.imply the content of increasing positiveness effect of makeup, it might appeal more easily to their consumers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.61 no.7
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• pp.110-124
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• 2011

As modern society leads to distinguished, sensuous, and diversity styles, a woman who enjoys putting on Garu makeup appeared on a popular TV talk show in winter 2010, which aroused public interest in the method of Garu makeup. However, as interest in Garu makeup and individuals who put on Garu makeup spread, some began to consider Garu makeup as the imitation of indiscreet Japanese culture or a vulgar culture. Thus the purposes of this study is to understand the characteristics of Garu makeup and its forms of expression by considering its type, origin and style. In turn, this study will provide basic data for the makeup trend and act as an aid to improve the image of Garu makeup through investigating its image and preference. To accomplish this purpose, this study reviewed relevant literatures and web resources, conducted a survey of students who study beauty art at two-year junior colleges in Seoul, and analyzed 195 answers by using SPSS 18.0. The results are as follows: It was proved that in the preliminary inspection of comprehension, 98.3% of college students majoring in beauty art had known Garu makeup, 53% understood somewhat the characteristic and concept of Garu makeup, 36.8% gave preference to Garu makeup. It was proved that in the investigation by the image of Garu makeup, as over 70% of students thought that Ogaru and Yamamba makeup were detestable, but other Garus were lovely and sexy, students perceived as a diversity of images by their own preferences and tastes, and 73% of respondents selected Onegaru as Garu makeup that they gave preference to and wanted to put on. The result of this study represents that mass consumers in the existing culture, who are college students majoring in beauty art and selected as a sample group in this study, reflect the stream of culture and trend, but also demassification, mass customization by their areas of interests and preferences and connective massification of individuals with similar interests.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.348-358
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• 2022

This study attempted to verify the influence of appearance satisfaction on interest in eye makeup and makeup care behavior in female consumers and provide basic data which are needed to plan marketing strategies and develop cosmetics in the cosmetics market. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against adult women in their 20-50s from the capital region. A total of 399 copies were used for final analysis, and the results found the followings: First, differences were found in appearance satisfaction, interest in eye makeup and makeup care behavior by general characteristics. In other words, interest in eye makeup started with 'self-care', showing interest in chasing a trend. Second, concerning the effects of appearance satisfaction on interest in eye makeup, as the respondents were more satisfied with their facial contour, they were more interested in eye makeup. Third, in terms of the influence of appearance satisfaction on eye makeup care behavior, as they were more satisfied with their skin conditions, trend-setting makeup care behavior increased. Consequently, increase in appearance satisfaction enhanced interest in eye makeup, having an influence on makeup care behavior.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.156-165
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• 2020

330 Korean adult women were examined the correlation between degree of makeup and makeup satisfaction before/after wearing masks due to COVID-19 and the moderating effect of mandatory/voluntary goal-oriented attitude toward makeup. The study found that lip makeup(p<.001) was significant variable in makeup satisfaction before COVID-19, and eyebrow makeup(0<.002) was significant after COVID-19. Although moderating effect of mandatory goal-oriented attitude, which works between degree of makeup before/after COVID-19 and makeup satisfaction was not significant, but moderating effect of voluntary goal-oriented attitude appeared to be significant before(p<.000) and after(p<.000) COVID-19. And the degree of makeup after COVID-19 was lower than before(p<.000). If one believe that makeup is for one's own satisfaction, degree of makeup can be significant effect on the makeup satisfaction, but actual behavior has shown that degree of makeup has decreased since wearing masks because of COVID-19. I hope this research will be used as marketing material for beauty and cosmetics industry.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.19-32
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• 2022

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between makeup and Pantone color by reflecting the visual elements of modern people who react sensitively to trends, and to research and propose art makeup using various techniques based on the results. The scope of this study was the last 5 years for researching trend colors. The range of colors was from 2016 to 2020, and the research method was designed after examining makeup trends using Pantone colors from 2016 to 2020; the characteristics of color and trend makeup were analyzed to design art makeup using various techniques. With respect to research data, literature review was conducted on the makeup design using Pantone colors with trend makeups. By referring to data in Pantone's official website, the characteristics and meanings of each color were analyzed. Based on research data, illustrations were made and makeup was designed and suggested. According to the study results, one-color makeup created a stable and uniform mood as a whole and could highlight the characteristics of each color. On the other hand, the makeup design that mixed Pantone colors harmonized the complementary colors and created an original and beautiful makeup design. The researcher identified the relationship and characteristics of trend colors and makeup and suggested various techniques, and expects that by linking the effect of trend color with makeup, designs and visual effects that go beyond the limits of the makeup market will be suggested and expanded.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.124-136
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• 2002

This objective study were to classify the contents of makeup behavior, to investigate the relationship between makeup behavior and sex role identity, and to examine how the makeup behavior, makeup satisfaction was influenced by sex role identity and demographics. To achieve this, the researchers surveyed 162 women for the ages of 18 through 25. The result of this study are followed. 1) Four factor of makeup behavior were sexual attractiveness, aesthetic, psychological dependence and makeup interest. 2) There were significant positive relationship between makeup behavior and sex role identity. 3) Sexual attractiveness were influenced by femininity, income. The explanatory power of the 2 variables were 8.5%. Aesthetic were influenced by masculinity. The explanatory power of the 1 variable was 9.2%. Psychological dependence were influenced by femininity. The explanatory power of the 1 variable was 8.2%. Makeup interest were influenced by masculinity, age. The explanatory power of the 2 variables were 9.0%. 4 Makeup satisfaction were influenced by sexual attractiveness, aesthetic. The explanatory power of the 2 variables were 22.1%.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1042-1051
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose an AR (Augmented Reality) lip makeup using bare hands interactively using an RGB camera. Unlike previous interactive makeup studies, this interactive lip makeup system is based on an RGB camera. Also, the system controls the makeup area in pixels, not in polygon-units. For pixel-unit controlling, the system also proposed a 'Rendering Map' that can store the relative position of the touched hand relative to the lip landmarks. With the map, the part to be changed in color can be specified in the current frame. And the lip color of the corresponding area is adjusted, even if the movement of the face changes in the next frame. Through user experiments, we compare quantitatively and qualitatively our makeup method with the conventional polygon-unit method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method enhances the quality of makeup with a little sacrifice of computational complexity. It is confirmed that natural makeup similar to the actual lip makeup is possible by dividing the lip area into more detailed areas. Furthermore, the method can be applied to make the face makeup of other areas more realistic.