• Title/Summary/Keyword: Korean foot-and-mouth-disease

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An Antiviral Mechanism Investigated with Ribavirin as an RNA Virus Mutagen for Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus

  • Gu, Chao-Jiang;Zheng, Cong-Yi;Zhang, Qian;Shi, Li-Li;Li, Yong;Qu, San-Fu
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.39 no.1
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    • pp.9-15
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    • 2006
  • To prove whether error catastrophe /lethal mutagenesis is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of ribavirin against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Ribavirin passage experiments were performed and supernatants of $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$ were harvested. Morphological alterations as well as the levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious particles in the BHK-21 cells infected using the supernatants of $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$ and control were measured by microscope, real-time RT-PCR, western-blotting and plaque assays, respectively. The mutation frequency was measured by sequencing the complete P1- and 3D-encoding region of FMDV after a single round of virus infection from ribavirin-treated or untreated FMDV-infected cells. Ribavirin treatment for FMDV caused dramatically inhibition of multiplication in cell cultures. The levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious particles in the BHK-21 cells infected were more greatly reduced along with the passage from $Rp_1$ to $Rp_5$, moreover, nucleocapsid protein could not be detected and no recovery of infectious virus in the supernatant or detection of intracellular viral RNA was observed at the $Rp_5$-infected cells. A high mutation rate, giving rise to an 8-and 11-fold increase in mutagenesis and resulting in some amino acid substitutions, was found in viral RNA synthesized at a single round of virus infection in the presence of ribavirin of $1000\;{\mu}M$ and caused a 99.7% loss in viral infectivity in contrast with parallel untreated control virus. These results suggest that the antiviral molecular mechanism of ribavirin is based on the lethal mutagenesis/error catastrophe, that is, the ribavirin is not merely an antiviral reagent but also an effective mutagen.

Visible Light and Infrared Thermal Image Registration Method Using Homography Transformation (호모그래피 변환을 이용한 가시광 및 적외선 열화상 영상 정합)

  • Lee, Sang-Hyeop;Park, Jang-Sik
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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    • v.24 no.6_2
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    • pp.707-713
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    • 2021
  • Symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease include fever and drooling a lot around the hoof, blisters in the mouth, poor appetite, blisters around the hoof, and blisters around the hoof. Research is underway on smart barns that remotely manage these symptoms through cameras. Visible light cameras can measure the condition of livestock such as blisters, but cannot measure body temperature. On the other hand, infrared thermal imaging cameras can measure body temperature, but it is difficult to measure the condition of livestock. In this paper, we propose an object detection system using deep learning-based livestock detection using visible and infrared thermal imaging composite camera modules for preemptive response

Improving the disease control ratings to manage livestock contagious animal disease in farms (가축 전염병 관리를 위한 농장 질병관리등급제 개선 방안)

  • Cho, Ho-Seong
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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    • v.43 no.4
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    • pp.267-271
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    • 2020
  • The emergence of highly contagious viral diseases of livestock and poultry such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), African swine fever (ASF) and highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) have necessitated the formulation of policies and regulatory frameworks for preventing ingress of exotic diseases and controlling dissemination of endemic diseases within the country. The disease control ratings to manage contagious livestock disease in farms have not being widely used because the evaluation parameters were not being considered inappropriate. The purpose of this study was to reinforce the validity of the parameters for evaluation factors and the objectivity of the scoring criteria in the application of the current disease management rating system. The diseases subject to intensive management were improved by reflecting farm situation. For the evaluation based on the disease grading system of farms, the diseases subject to intensive management were realized, the list of diseases for evaluating the vaccination rate was revised, and the quarantine and sanitation management standards were revised. The effectiveness of the improved livestock disease management system was confirmed through the application of actual pig farms. Therefore, this system will be used as a means to evaluation the biosecurity at the farm units. Through this, it will contribute to establish effective biosecurity measures for each farm by improving and supplementing the present disease grading system.

Development of a smartphone application for providing disinfectant information on livestock industry (축산분야 소독제 정보 제공 스마트폰 어플리케이션 개발)

  • Chung, Hansung;Kim, Su kwon;Choi, Kwanghoon;Park, Ji Heon;Htet, Swe Lynn;Choe, Nonghoon
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.59 no.2
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    • pp.97-100
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    • 2019
  • It is important to select the correct disinfectants and to use them appropriately in order to prevent the initial spread of highly infectious livestock disease, such as foot-and-mouth disease or highly pathogenic avian influenza. This study describes a smartphone application developed to enable livestock workers to observe information related to disinfectants for the prevention of livestock disease in the domestic market, regardless of time and location, through a Linux-based Android mobile platform. This application (Konkuk-Disinfectant Information Database) provides information on disinfectant names, components, license and use; it was designed to enable the user to share disinfectant information through social media.

Analysis of Environmental Impacts using LCA for the Carcass Burial (전과정평가를 활용한 가축매몰지의 환경영향 분석)

  • Kim, Mi Hyung;Kim, Geon Ha
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.239-246
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    • 2013
  • The foot and mouth disease and AI were highly contagious. The virus can be transmitted in a number of ways, including close-contact animal to animal spread, long-distance aerosol spread and fomites, or inanimate objects, typically fodder and motor vehicles. A lot of burial sites were constructed in a short time for preventing the rapid spread of the virus. The carcass burial sites have a risk potential because the sites were constructed without any appropriate and systematic management. It resulted from lacking of time, equipments and man power. The carcass burial sites more than 4,700 constructed in 2011. Approximately 7 million poultry and 3.5 million livestock including head of cattle and swine were buried in farm land. It is time to be concerned if the secondary pollutions occur from the burial sites. The environmental impacts should be analyzed for managing the burial sites effectively and minimizing damages and risks to the environment and human health. This study was to analyze environmental impacts of the process of carcass burial construction using a life cycle assessment methodology. All input data of raw materials and energy usage were collected and the inventory was constructed. The results showed that 1 ton of carcass burial of the environmental impacts were $0.51yr^{-1}$ for ADP, 0.09 kg of 1,4DCB-eq for FAETP, 31.17 kg of $CO_2-eq$ for GWP, 0.04 kg of $C_2H_4-eq$ for POCP, 0.06 kg of $SO_2-eq$ for AP.

Recombinant DNA and Protein Vaccines for Foot-and-mouth Disease Induce Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Mice

  • Bae, Ji-Young;Moon, Sun-Hwa;Choi, Jung-Ah;Park, Jong-Sug;Hahn, Bum-Soo;Kim, Ki-Yong;Kim, Byung-Han;Song, Jae-Young;Kwon, Dae-Hyuck;Lee, Suk-Chan;Kim, Jong-Bum;Yang, Joo-Sung
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
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    • v.9 no.6
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    • pp.265-273
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    • 2009
  • Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a small single-stranded RNA virus which belongs to the family Picornaviridae, genus Apthovirus. It is a principal cause of FMD which is highly contagious in livestock. In a wild type virus infection, infected animals usually elicit antibodies against structural and non-structural protein of FMDV. A structural protein, VP1, is involved in neutralization of virus particle, and has both B and T cell epitopes. A RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 3D, is highly conserved among other serotypes and strongly immunogenic, therefore, we selected VP1 and 3D as vaccine targets. VP1 and 3D genes were codon-optimized to enhance protein expression level and cloned into mammalian expression vector. To produce recombinant protein, VP1 and 3D genes were also cloned into pET vector. The VP1 and 3D DNA or proteins were co-immunized into 5 weeks old BALB/C mice. Antigen-specific serum antibody (Ab) responses were detected by Ab ELISA. Cellular immune response against VP1 and 3D was confirmed by ELISpot assay. The results showed that all DNA- and protein-immunized groups induced cellular immune responses, suggesting that both DNA and recombinant protein vaccine administration efficiently induced Ag-specific humoral and cellular immune responses.

Antiviral Activity of Hederasaponin B from Hedera helix against Enterovirus 71 Subgenotypes C3 and C4a

  • Song, JaeHyoung;Yeo, Sang-Gu;Hong, Eun-Hye;Lee, Bo-Ra;Kim, Jin-Won;Kim, JeongHoon;Jeong, HyeonGun;Kwon, YongSoo;Kim, HyunPyo;Lee, SangWon;Park, Jae-Hak;Ko, Hyun-Jeong
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.41-46
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    • 2014
  • Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the predominant cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The antiviral activity of hederasaponin B from Hedera helix against EV71 subgenotypes C3 and C4a was evaluated in vero cells. In the current study, the antiviral activity of hederasaponin B against EV71 C3 and C4a was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method and western blot assay. Our results demonstrated that hederasaponin B and 30% ethanol extract of Hedera helix containing hederasaponin B showed significant antiviral activity against EV71 subgenotypes C3 and C4a by reducing the formation of a visible CPE. Hederasaponin B also inhibited the viral VP2 protein expression, suggesting the inhibition of viral capsid protein synthesis.These results suggest that hederasaponin B and Hedera helix extract containing hederasaponin B can be novel drug candidates with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against various subgenotypes of EV71.

A Study on Treatment Measures of Carcass Disposal Site Leachate into the Livestock Manure and Sewage Treatment Facilities using NIER-MASS program (NIER-MASS 프로그램을 이용한 가축매립지 침출수 연계처리 방안 연구)

  • Jeong, Dong-Hwan;Lee, Chulgu;Shin, Jinsoo;Kim, Hyunwoo;Yoon, Soohyang;Kim, Yongseok;Yu, Soonju;Kim, Shinjo
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.725-734
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    • 2012
  • The outbreak of foot and mouth disease in November 2010 raised many social, economic and environmental issues and water contaminations by leachate from carcass disposal sites particularly emerged as a serious concern. In oder to efficiently handle these problems, a critical method is required to transport leachate to livestock manure and sewage treatment plants and purify it. This study aims to present the best applicable method to transport leachate from carcass disposal sites into livestock manure and sewage treatment facilities. We investigated the biological and chemical characteristics such as BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP and Total coliforms. Current conjugated treatments in livestock manure and sewage treatment plants was studied by surveying the operations of those facilities. The NIER-MASS(National Institute of Environmental Research - Mass Balance Evaluation System of Sewage Treatment Facilities) program was applied to present the best conjugated treatment method through estimating the maximum daily load to meet the water quality standards in effluent.

Experimental animal models for development of human enterovirus vaccine

  • Jae Min Song
    • Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.291-297
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    • 2023
  • Enterovirus infections induce infectious diseases in young children, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease which is characterized by highly contagious rashes or blisters around the hands, feet, buttocks, and mouth. This predominantly arises from enterovirus A71 or coxsackievirus A16 infections and in severe cases, they can lead to encephalitis, paralysis, pulmonary edema, or even fatality, representing a global health threat. Due to the absence of effective therapeutic strategies for these infections, various experimental animal models are being investigated for the development of vaccines. During the early stages of research on enterovirus infections, non-human primate infections exhibited symptoms like those in humans, leading to their utilization as model animals. However, due to economic and ethical considerations, their current usage is limited. While enterovirus infections do not readily occur in mice, an infection model with mouse-adapted strain in neonatal mice has been employed. Cellular receptors have been identified in human cells, and genetically modified mice expressing these receptors have been used. Most recently, the utilization of Mongolian gerbil model is actively being considered and should be pursued for further animal model development. So, herein, we provide a summarized overview of the current portfolio of available enterovirus infection models, emphasizing their respective advantages and limitations.

Effects of Foot-and-mouth Disease Vaccination Location and Injection Device on the Incidence of Site Lesions in Pork

  • Ko, Eun Young;Jung, Samooel;Jeong, Hyun Kyu;Han, Jeong Hee;Son, Jung Ho
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.498-505
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    • 2018
  • This study was aimed to investigate the effects of the type O foot-and-mouse disease vaccine (FMDV) on the incidence of abnormal meat such as granuloma or abscess formation at the injection site in pork and its associated economic losses. At 56 d of age, piglets were inoculated with FMDV by one of three administration routes: N-Neck (a conventional needle-syringe injection into the neck), N-Ham (a conventional needle-syringe injection into the ham), and Non-Neck (injection with a needle-free device into the neck). The injection sites were visually examined for the presence of a granuloma or abscess, and the incidence rate of abnormal meat was calculated. The gross weight of the portion of the pork carcasses condemned because of granuloma or abscess formation was measured and multiplied by the weekly sales price to calculate the total economic losses. After implementation of FMDV, the economic losses were approximately six times higher than before implementation. Granuloma or abscess formation was significantly higher in the N-Neck and Non-Neck groups, in which the vaccine was inoculated into the neck area, than in the N-Ham group (N-Neck and N-Ham vs Non-Neck, p<0.05). These results suggest that the incidence of lesions could be reduced if the ham route was used for vaccination.