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Catastrophic Art and Its Instrumentalized Selection System : From work by Hunter Jonakin and Dan Perjovschi (재앙적 예술과 그 도구화된 선별체계: 헌터 조너킨과 댄 퍼잡스키의 작품으로부터)

  • Shim, Sang-Yong
    • The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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    • no.13
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    • pp.73-95
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    • 2012
  • In terms of element and process, art today has already been fully systemized, yet tends to become even more systemized. All phases of creation and exhibition, appreciation and education, promotion and marketing are planned, adjusted, and decided within the order of a globalized, networked system. Each phase is executed, depending on the system of management and control and diverse means corresponding to the system. From the step of education, artists are guided to determine their styles and not be motivated by their desire to become star artists or running counter to mainstream tendency and fashion. In the process of planning an exhibition, the level of artist awareness is considered more significant than work quality. It is impossible to avoid such systems and institutions today. No one can escape or be freed from the influence of such system. This discussion addresses a serious distortion in the selection system as part of the system connotatively called "art museum system," especially to evaluate artistic achievement and aesthetic quality. Called "studio system" or "art star system," the system distinguishes successful minority from failed absolute majority and justifies the results, deciding discriminative compensations. The discussion begins from work by Hunter Jonakin and Dan Perjovschi. The key point of this discussion is not their art worlds but the shared truth referred by the two as the collusive "art market" and "art star system." Through works based on their experiences, the two artists refer to these systems which restrict and confine them. Jonakin's Jeff Koons Must Die! is avideo game conveying a critical comment on authoritative operation of the museum system and star system. In this work, participants, whether viewer or artist, are destined to lose: the game is unwinnable. Players take the role of a person locked in a museum where artist Jeff Koons' retrospective is held. The player can either look around and quietly observe the works, which causes a game-over, or he can blow the classical paintings to pieces and cause the artist Koons to come out and reprimand the player, also resulting in a game-over. Like Jonakin, Dan Perjovschi's some drawings also focuses on the status of the artist shrunken by the system. Most artists are ruined in a process of competition to survive within the museum system. As John Burger properly pointed out, out of the art systems today, public collections (art museums) and private collections have become "something unbearable." The system justifies the selection system of art stars and its frame of reference, disregarding the problem of producing numerable victims in its process. What should be underlined above all else is that the present selection system seriously shrinks art's creative function and its function of generating meaning. In this situation, art might fall to the level of entertainment, accessible to more people and compromising with popularity. This discussion is based on assumption and consciousness on the matter that this situation might cause catastrophic results for not only explicit victims of the system but also winners, or ones defined as winners. The system of art is probably possible only by desire or distortion stemmed from such desire. The system can be flourished only under the economic system of avarice: quantitatively expanding economy, abundant style, resort economy in Venice and Miami, and luxurious shopping malls with up-to-date facilities. The catastrophe here is ongoing, not a sudden emergence, and dynamic, leading the system itself to a devastating end.

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Efficacy of fumagillin against Telohanellus kitauei Infection of Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus (향어의 장포자충증에 대한 Fumagillin의 예방 및 치료 효과시험)

  • Lee, Jae-Gu;Kim, Hyeon-Cheol;Park, Bae-Geun
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.57-66
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    • 1993
  • The potential of fumagillin dicyclohexylamine salt to treat and prevent intestinal giant-cystic disease in Israel carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus, was monitored in field experimental studies. In experiment 1 (therapeutic), most fish were already naturally infected with more advanced stage of Relohqnellu: kitnuet. Fumagillin was administered to ash (mean body weiht of 830 g for a Penod of one month at a dose of 10.62 mg in the first group and 5.3 mg in the second group per fi sh per day. In experiment 2 (fprophylactlcl), most flesh also were already naturally infected with an early developmental stage of the protozoa and fish (average body weight of 484 g) were administered fumagillln for 45 days at a dose of 3.95 mg per fish per day. In both experiments, the cumulative mortalities of fish and the extrusion rates of the polar filaments of the spores were significantly decreased in a dose-independent fashion. In experiment 2 no dead fish were observed. No adverse side effects of the drug were observed among fish from any dosage group. In experiment 2, an oval or dot-like concave lesion of most cysts developed at the 7th day and the vegetative form was never observed at the 17th day postmedication and the cysts were grossly reduced in size as compared with the control group, beginning at the 24th day until the end of the study. In contrast, it was scarcely effective to the cysts in experiment 1. Taking the seasonal development of the protozoa into consideration, the above results revealed that oral administration of fumagillin at 3.95 mg/500 g body weight/day for a month Is the optimal dose for the treatment and prevention of thelohanellosls caused by T kitnuei among C. carpio nudus.

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Relationship between HSP70 Gene Polymorphisms and IVF Embryo Development in Pigs (돼지에서 HSP70 유전자형과 IVF 수정란 배 발달과의 관련성)

  • Jin H. J.;Kim I. C.;Wee M. S.;Yeon S. H.;Kim C. D.;Cho C. Y.;Choi S. H.;Cho S. R.;Son D. S.;Kim Y. K.;Jung J. H.;Choi H. S.;Park C. K.
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.289-295
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    • 2005
  • This study was performed to investigate the relationship between Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene polymorphism and in vitro fertilization(IVF) embryo development in the pigs. The single strand conformation polymorphism(SSCP) genotypes from HSP70 K1, K3 and K4 PCR products were detected different patterns. In cleavage rate of oocyte fertilized in vitro, HSP70 K1-AA genotype($73.1\%$) and K1-AB genotype($62.3\%$) showed significantly higher oocyte cleavage rate than HSP70 K1-BB genotype($49.3\%$)(p<0.05). And HSP70 K3-AA genotype ($72.4\%$) and K3-AB($62.2\%$) also showed significantly higher oocyte cleavage rate than HSP70 K3-BB genotype($49.1\%$)(p<0.05). The IVF embryo development of 2-cell stage according to HSP70 genotypes of sperm and pig breeds also showed a significant difference. The number of embryos developed to 2-cell stage in Landrace(28.8) and Duroc(29.8) were significantly higher than in Yorkshire(10.9)(p<0.05). And also HSP70 K4-AB genotype group(29.6) higher than HSP70 K4-AA genotype group(10.6)(p<0.05). However, the number of embryos developed to blastocyst stage did not showed significant differences among breeds as well as HSP70 genotypes. These resrults suggest that in vitro development in porcine early embryos may be affected by HSP70 genotypes and breeds.

Development of the Trichomes in Floating Leaves of Salvinia Species (생이가래속(Salvinia) 부유엽 모용의 분화발달)

  • Seo, Ae-Ri;Kim, In-Sun
    • Applied Microscopy
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.117-124
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    • 2008
  • Salvinia is an aquatic plant forming dimorphic leaves that have been modified into floating and submerged leaves. A air of floating leaves plays an important role for the floating and photosynthesis while the submerged leaves, which are lim and long, have the form and function of root. Many aquatic plants develop trichomes in the epidermis but in Salvinia, richomes grow densely in the epidermis of the dimorphic leaves. The present study examined the differentiation pattern of trichomes developing in the floating leaves of S. natans and S. molesta by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Trichomes developing in the floating leaves of Salvinia showed very different patterns. In S. natans, they were arranged in a V-shape form, having 20${\sim}$25 rows at $18{\sim}25^{\circ}$ on both sides of the lamina divided by the midrib in the floating leaf. In each row, 8${\sim}$10 oval-shaped cells, $200{\sim}290{\mu}m$ in length, were arranged in a spiral fashion. Four trichomes of this form made a trichome unit, but their apical parts were separated from one another and developed into the so-called 'knuckle-crane' type. On the other hand, in S. molesta, trichomes differentiated in a unique pattern quite different from those of S. natans. At the early stage of differentiation, trichomes protruded from the epidermis and then 4${\sim}$6 cylindrical cells grew $400{\sim}600{\mu}m$ long and the four trichomes formed as an unit. The four grouped trichomes were interconnected through their apex and developed in the 'egg-beater' type. Then $300{\sim}600{\mu}m$ long multi-cellular stalk cells grew and protruded out of the epidermal surface from the basal part of the trichomes. Such a structural characteristic of trichomes is considered to play a very important role along with the aerenchyma tissue in the leaf mesophyll tissue for the floating of Salvinia on the water surface.

Clinical Result of Layered Suture Bridge Technique in Arthroscopic Repair for Delaminated Rotator Cuff Tear (회전근 개 층간 분리 파열에서 관절경을 이용한 층상 교량형 봉합술의 임상 결과)

  • Choi, Eui-Sung;Park, Kyoung-Jin;Kim, Yong-Min;Kim, Dong-Soo;Shon, Hyun-Chul;Cho, Byung-Ki;Park, Ji-Kang;Kim, Dong-Whan;Keum, Sang-Wook;Cha, Jung-Kwon
    • Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.84-93
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repair integrity and clinical outcomes of delaminated tears following arthroscopic layered suture bridge rotator cuff repair in a prospective fashion. Materials and Methods: A consecutive series of 67 patients with delaminated rotator cuff tears who underwent surgery using the arthroscopic Layered Suture Bridge Technique were followed prospectively. Of 67 shoulders, 26 patients were male and 40 patients were female (one patient had bilateral tears); the mean age was 58.8(40~76) years. The clinical evaluation was performed according to ASES, UCLA, and KSS (Korea Shoulder Scoring System) scores with an average follow up period of 33 months. Repair integrity was estimated using MRI, which was performed six months postoperatively. Results: The average clinical outcome in ASES, UCLA, and KSS scores showed significant improvement at the time of the final follow-up compared to preoperatively, from 50.2 to 92.3, 15 to 31.3, and 54.4 to 90.7, respectively (p<0.001 for all scores). Follow up by MRI showed that 16 shoulders had a type-I; 14, a type-II; five, a type-III; two, a type-IV; one, a type-V re-tear. The overall rate of re-tear (types IV and V) was 7.9%. Conclusion: Use of the Arthroscopic Layered Suture Bridge Technique can result in improved functional and structural outcome in cases of delaminated rotator cuff tear.

A Study on Secondary School Girl Students' Life Style, Attitude toward Appearance and Clothing Attitude (중.고등학교 여학생의 라이프스타일, 외모에 대한 태도와 의복태도와의 관련 연구)

  • Lee, Eun-Hee
    • Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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    • v.18 no.4 s.42
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    • pp.85-102
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    • 2006
  • The objectives of this study were to classify of life style of secondary school girl students, to investigate the relationships between life styles, attitude toward appearance and clothing attitude. The method of this study was survey research by using questionnaires. Subjects were 658(middle school students 327, high school students 331) girl students located in Jeollabukdo province. In this statistical analysis, SPSS 11.5 for Windows program was utilized to calculate frequency, mean, cronbach's ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, t-test, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression analysis. The results of this research were as follows: The results of analysing the factors to the response lifestyles, attitude toward appearance and clothing attitude emerged five dimensions(digital orientation, material orientation, positive activity, achievement orientation, frugality), three dimensions(needs conformity value toward appearance), five dimensions(fashion pursuit, gender attractiveness, self-expression, aesthetic, and modesty). High school girls' students showed higher digital orientation and positive activity life styles, attitude toward appearance, clothing attitude except of modesty. Clothing attitude variables except of modesty had positive correlations with lifestyles and attitude toward appearance. However, modesty of clothing had negative correlations with life styles and attitude toward appearance. As a conclusion, secondary school girl students' life styles and attitude toward appearance constituted important characteristics which could affect clothing attitude directly.

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Effects of FGF on Embryonic Development In Vitro in Hanwoo COCs (한우 난구 복합체의 체외발생에 있어서 FGF(Fibroblast Growth Factor)가 미치는 영향)

  • Choi S.H.;Cho S.R.;Kim H.J.;Choe C.Y.;Han M.H.;Son D.S.;Chung Y.G.;H. Hoshi
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.157-162
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    • 2006
  • It is well known that unidentified factors in sera, hormones and growth factors promote the proliferation of granulosa cells and nuclear maturation of bovine COCs (cumulus oocytes complexes) in vitro. Attempts had been developed the simple composition of culture media and similar system to in vivo conditions has been applied. In the present study, we investigated the effect of FGF (fibroblast growth factor) on in vitro maturation and in vitro development of Hanwoo COCs. When the COCs were matured in HPM 199 (Inst. of Functional peptide, Japan) containing 0.1, 1 and 10 ng/ml FGF for 24 hr, maturation rates to metaphase II ($70.0{\sim}75.0%$) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of control group (0 ng/ml FGF, 37.5%). When matured COCs with FGF were cultured in maturation medium after in vitro fertilization, developmental rates to blastocysts were 9.5, 0 and 2.9%, respectively, compared to 25.0% of the control group (p<0.05). When the matured COCs with FGF were cultured in HPM 199 (IFP971, Inst. of Functional peptide, Japan) containing 10% FBS, 0.8% BSA or 0.1% PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), the blastocyst formation rates were 12.4, 12.8 and 8.5%, respectively, while the rates of matured COCs with FGF and cultured with IVMD and IVD (Inst. of Functional peptide, Japan) without serum were 38.4% and 34.8%, respectively (p<0.05). These results suggested that FGF is available for in vitro maturation of bovine COCs and is not suitable for in vitro development, but further investigation would be need for finding the synergistic autocrine/paracrine fashion of other growth factors in early bovine embryo development.

Clothing Purchase Behavior of Adolescents by the Consumer Awareness (청소년의 소비자 의식과 의복구매행동)

  • 김종희;조현주
    • Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.67-78
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    • 2003
  • To investigate the consumer awareness and clothing purchase behavior of adolescents, questionnaire was administered to 639 middle and high school students in Daegu. The results were as follows. 1. The consumer awareness of adolescents was analyzed to 4 factors. consciousness of right. consumer information, brand-orientedness and responsibility. Respondents were clustered into three groups : utility-oriented group, brand-oriented group, and consumerism-oriented group. 2. Respondents bought their clothes at specialty stores primarily. They used ´products´, ´family's or friends advices´, and ´purchase experiences´ as information sources. The important criteria for selecting clothes were ´design´, ´price´, and ´suitability´ for oneself. Dissatisfactions after purchasing clothes were with ´price´, ´service´, ´sewing´, and ´size´. The complaining behaviors which respondents did mainly were ´telling friends about dissatisfaction with their purchased clothes´, ´asking for change dissatisfying products or asking for refund´ and ´asking for mending´. 3. Information sources were categorized into 3 factors: ´neutral information source´, ´personal information source´ and ´commercial information source´. Criteria for selecting clothes were factor-analyzed into ´harmony´, ´fashion´ and ´management of clothes´. ´The factors of dissatisfactions with purchased clothes were ´appearance´, ´quality´ and ´service´. 4. The differences by the consumer awareness in clothing purchase behaviors among consumer groups : In information sources. criteria for selecting clothes, complaining behaviors. purchasing places. three consumer groups were different significantly.

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Gemcitabine-induced Cell Death in Lung Cancer Cells : the Role of p53 (폐암 세포에서 Gemcitabine에 의한 세포 사멸과 p53의 역할)

  • Kim, Doh-Hyung;Bae, Gang-U;Yong, Wha-Shim;Choi, Eun-Kyung;Kim, Youn-Seup;Park, Jae-Seuk;Jee, Young-Koo;Lee, Kye-Young
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.53 no.3
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    • pp.275-284
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    • 2002
  • Background : Gemcitabine is a new anti-cancer agent for treating non-small cell lung cancer. Functioning as an antimetabolite, it induces anti-cancer effects by suppressing DNA synthesis after being incorporated into the DNA as a cytosine arabinoside analogue. When Gemcitabine is incorporated into the DNA, the p53 gene may be activated by induction of the DNA defect. However, there are a few studies on the molecular mechanisms of Gemcitabine-induced cell death. This study examined the role of p53 in Gemcitabine-induced cell death. Methods : A549 and NCl-H358 lung cancer cells were used in this study. The cell viability test was done using a MTT assay at Gemcitabine concentrations of 10nM, 100nM, 1uM, 10uM and 100uM. A FACScan analysis with propium iodide staining was used for the cell cycle analysis. Western blot analysis was done to investigate the extent of p53 activation. For the functional knock-out of p53, stable A549-E6 cells and H358-E6 cells were transfected pLXSN-16E6SD which is over expresses the human papilloma virus E6 protein that constantly degrades p53 protein. The functional knock out of p53 was confirmed by Western blot analysis after treatment with a DNA damaging agent, doxorubicine. Results : Gemcitabine exhibited cell toxicity in dose-dependent fashion. The cell cycle analysis resulted in an S phase arrest. Western blot analysis significant p53 activation in time-dependent manner. Gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity was reduced by 20-30% in the A549-E6 cells and the 30-40% in H358-E6 cells when compared with the A549-neo and H358-neo control cells. Conclusion : Gemcitabine induces an S phase arrest, as expected for the anti-metabolite, and activates the p53 gene, Furthermore, p53 might play an important role in Gemcitabine-induced cell death. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms on how Gemcitabine activates the p53 gene and its signaling pathway are recommended.

The Effect of Inhibition of Heme Oxygenase-1 on Chemosensitivity of Cisplatin in Lung Cancer Cells (폐암세포주에서 Heme Oxygenase-1의 억제가 Cisplatin의 항암제 감수성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, So-Young;Kim, Eun-Jung;Jang, Hye-Yeon;Hwang, Ki-Eun;Park, Jung-Hyun;Kim, Hwi-Jung;Jo, Hyang-Jeong;Yang, Sei-Hoon;Jeong, Eun-Taik;Kim, Hak-Ryul
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.62 no.1
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    • pp.33-42
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    • 2007
  • Background: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known to modulates the cellular functions, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is known that a high level of HO-1 expression is found in many tumors, and HO-1 plays an important role in rapid tumor growth on account of its antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer agent for the treatment of lung cancer. However, the development of resistance to cisplatin is a major obstacle to its use in clinical treatment. We previously demonstrated that inhibiting HO-1 expression through the transcriptional activation of Nrf2 induces apoptosis in A549 cells. The aim of this study was to determine of the inhibiting HO-1 enhance the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin. Materials and Methods: The human lung cancer cell line, A549, was treated cisplatin, and the cell viability was measured by a MTT assay. The change in HO-1, Nrf2, and MAPK expression after the cisplatin treatment was examined by Western blotting. HO-1 inhibition was suppressed by ZnPP, which is a specific pharmacologic inhibitor of HO activity, and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Flow cytometry analysis and Western blot were performed in to determine the level of apoptosis. The level of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) generation was monitored fluoimetrically using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Results: The A549 cells showed more resistance to the cisplatin treatment than the other cell lines examined, whereas cisplatin increased the expression of HO-1 and Nrf2, as well as the phosphorylation of MAPK in a time-dependent fashion. Inhibitors of the MAPK pathway blocked the induction of HO-1 and Nrf2 by the cisplatin treatment in A549 cells. In addition, the cisplatin-treated A549 cells transfected with dither the HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or ZnPP, specific HO-1 inhibitor, showed in a more significantly decrease in viability than the cisplatin-only-treated group. The combination treatment of ZnPP and cisplatin caused in a marked increase in the ROS generation and a decrease in the HO-1 expression. Conclusion: Cisplatin increases the expression of HO-1, probably through the MAPK-Nrf2 pathway, and the inhibition of HO-1 enhances the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin.