• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2002

The effects of modified atmosphere (MA) storage far fresh red pepper and red bell pepper fruits were investigated with storing in high and few density polyethylene films (HDPE, LDPE) with various NaCl contents(0 g, 15 g, 20 g, 25 g). During the storage of pepper fruits, the weight loss, color change, mold emergence, and firmness were evaluated. The weight loss of pepper fruits packaged in HDPE and LDPE without NaCl was 3∼5%, even though it was 6∼19% in pepper fruits packaged with NaCl. The lutes of mold emergence of red pepper and red bell pepper fruits were lowered to 20∼45% as stored in HDPE and LDPE with NaCl but those of fruits stored in films without NaCl were high as 55∼65%. The color and firmness of pepper fruits were not much changed in comparison with those of non-packaged fruits as stored in HDPE and LDPE with or without NaCl.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 2012

Phytophthora root rot has been causing a serious yield loss in pepper production. Since 2004, the year in which commercial cultivars resistant to the disease were firstly commercialized, it has been necessary to introduce the resistance into domestic pepper cultivars for dried red pepper. Therefore, developing molecular markers linked to the resistance is required for an accurate selection of resistant plants and increasing breeding efficiency. Until now, several markers associated with the major dominant gene resistant to Phytophthora root rot have been reported but they have some serious limitations for their usage. In this study, we aimed to develop molecular markers linked to the major dominant gene that can be used for almost of all genetic resources resistant to Phytophthora root rot. Two segregating $F_2$ populations derived from a 'Subicho' ${\times}$ 'CM334' combination and a commercial cultivar 'Dokyacheongcheong' were used to develop molecular markers associated with the resistance. After screening 1,024 AFLP primer combinations with bulked segregant analysis, three AFLP (AFLP1, AFLP2, and AFLP3) markers were identified and converted into three CAPS markers (M1-CAPS, M2-CAPS, and M3-CAPS), respectively. Among them, M3-CAPS marker was further studied in ten resistants, fourteen susceptibles, five hybrids and 53 commercial cultivars. As a result, M3-CAPS marker was more fitted to identify Phytophthora resistance than previously reported P5-SNAP and Phyto5.2-SCAR markers. The result indicated that the M3-CAPS marker will be useful for resistance breeding to Phytophthora root rot in chili pepper.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2011

Pepper powdery mildew causes increasingly economical damage due to increased cultivation of pepper in greenhouses. To assess resistance of pepper resources against pepper powdery mildew, we developed a novel evaluation formula for pepper resistance against powdery mildew. The evaluation formula named S index is as follows; (number of the highest disease leaf/top leaf number)-(number of the lowest disease leaf/top leaf number). Positive correlation (81%, P = 0.01) between S index and authentic disease leaf rate was observed from the pepper plants infected by powdery mildew. Various pepper species from our genetic resources were evaluated to identify pepper varieties conferring resistance against powdery mild using S-index. Capsicum frutescens accessions 3CA131 and C. baccatum accessions 3CA0162, 3CA174, 3CA176 showed high resistance to powdery mildew, but none of C. annuum was resistant. Results suggest that S-index proposed in this study is useful to assess resistance evaluation of powdery mildew in chili pepper breeding.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.418-430
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to understand the combined effect of shading treatment and harvest time on pungency, ascorbic acid content, market-quality pepper yield, and photosynthetic activity in a yellow 'Star Flame' and 'Fire Flame' F1 hybrid pepper cultivar (Capsicum annuum). Plants were cultivated in a greenhouse under white, red, and green shading nets and compared to those grown under unshaded control conditions. The ascorbic acid and pungency parameters were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Ascorbic acid, a compound of high nutritive value in pepper, was highest in fruits gathered during the first summer harvest in both hybrids. The ascorbic acid content was found to be further increased in fruits from plants grown under white net shading in both 'Star Flame' and 'Fire Flame'. Total capsaicinoid contents in 'Star Flame' were influenced by the interaction of shading treatment and harvest time (p = 0.004), with the lowest amounts ($241.2-251.5mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ fresh weight) resulting from white and red shading treatments at the early autumn harvest. In 'Fire Flame', both shading treatment (p = 0.009) and harvest time (p < 0.001) affected total capsaicinoid contents. We observed significantly higher total capsaicinoid contents in control fruits compared to that resulting from red and green shading treatments at the second harvest, and that resulting from red shading treatment at the third harvest. Analysis of photosynthetic activity revealed a significant and negative correlation between Fv/Fm values and total capsaicinoid contents in both hybrids (p < 0.001). Based on the obtained results, the harvest of peppers during summer should be promoted to produce fruits with high pungency.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2011

To identify unintended vertical gene-transfer rates from the developed transgenic plants, rapid and unequivocal techniques are needed to identify event-specific markers based on flanking sequences around the transgene and to distinguish zygosity such as homo- and hetero-zygosity. To facilitate evaluation of zygosity, a polymerase chain reaction technique was used to analyze a transgenic pepper line B20 (homozygote), P915 wild type (null zygote), and their F1 hybrids, which were used as transgene contaminated plants. First, we sequenced the 3'-flanking region of the T-DNA (1,277 bp) in the transgenic pepper event B20. Based on sequence information for the 3'- and 5'-flanking region of T-DNA provided in a previous study, a primer pair was designed to amplify full length T-DNA in B20. We successfully amplified the full length T-DNA containing 986 bp from the flanking regions of B20. In addition, a 1,040 bp PCR product, which was where the T-DNA was inserted, was amplified from P915. Finally, both full length T-DNA and the 1,040 bp fragment were simultaneously amplified in the F1 hybrids; P915 ${\times}$ B20, Pungchon ${\times}$ B20, Gumtap ${\times}$ B20. In the present study, we were able to identify zygosity among homozygous transgenic event B20, its wild type P915, and hemizygous F1 hybrids. Therefore, this novel zygosity identification technique, which is based on PCR, can be effectively used to examine gene flow for transgenic pepper event B20.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.416-422
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• 2005

We previously used Southern blot analysis to detect restriction-length polymorphisms between male fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) cytoplasms at the coxII and atp6 loci of the mtDNA of Capsicum annuum L. Two copies of atp6 were found in each male fertile and CMS pepper lines. Interestingly, one of the copies of atp6 in CMS pepper was a 3'-truncated pseudogene. The open reading frame of the coxII gene was the same in the fertile (N-) and CMS (S-) lines. However, the nucleotide sequence in the S-cytoplasm diverged from that in the N-cytoplasm 41 bp downstream of the stop codon. To develop CMS-specific sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, inverse PCR was performed to characterize the nucleotide sequences of the 5' and 3' flanking regions of mitochondrial atp6 and coxII from the cytoplasms of male fertile (N-) and CMS (S-) pepper plants. Based on these data, two CMS-specific SCAR markers, 607 and 708 bp long, were developed to distinguish N-cytoplasm from S-cytoplasm by PCR. The CMS-specific PCR bands were verified for 20 cultivars containing either N- or S-cytoplasm. PCR amplification of CMS-specific mitochondrial nucleotide sequences will allow quick and reliable identification of the cytoplasmic types of individual plants at the seedling stage, and assessment of the purity of $F_1$ seed lots. The strategy used in this report for identifying CMS-specific markers could be adopted for many other crops where CMS is used for F1 seed production.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.753-760
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to develop value-added seasoning products with Korean advanced chile peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and investigate their physicochemical characteristics based on sensory evaluation. Ninety-seven chile pepper-related products were collected from American local favorites and analyzed based on their compositions. Yeongyang's chile pepper powders were prepared to develop Korean chile pepper seasoning products and measured for total microbial content (3.36 log CFU/g), moisture content (12.43%), total carotenoids (223.46 mg/100 g), vitamin C (290.33 mg/100 g), ASTA color value (149.37), and capsaicinoids (4.06 mg/100 g). Korean chile pepper seasoning samples for beef showed higher overall acceptability compared to American local favorite seasonings. Completed Korean chile pepper seasoning products contained red pepper (20%), various herbs (26.1%), salt (11.4%), dried mushroom (8.5%), garlic (8.5%), black pepper, curry, paprika, sweet pumpkin (5.7%), and citron (2.8%). This result might show the possibility of replacing mixed seasoning products from foreign countries (USA and Europe).

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1014-1024
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• 2010

Pepper ($Capsicum$ spp.) anthracnose caused by $Colletotrichum$ $acutatum$ is a destructive disease susceptible to areas where chili peppers are grown. $Capsicum$ $baccatum$ var. $pendulum$ (Cbp) is resistant to anthracnose and has actively been used for interspecific hybridization for the introgression of resistance gene(s) into cultivated chili peppers. The goals of this study were to determine the inheritance of resistance to anthracnose within $Capsicum$ $baccatum$ and to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the anthracnose resistance. A genetic mapping population consisting of 126 $F_2$ plants derived from a cross between $Capsicum$ $baccatum$ var. $pendulum$ (resistant) and $Capsicum$ $baccatum$ 'Golden-aji' (susceptible) was used for linkage mapping. The linkage map was constructed with 52 SSRs, 175 AFLPs, and 100 SRAPs covering 1,896cM, with an average interval marker distance of 4.0cM. Based on this map, the number, location, and effect of QTLs for anthracnose resistance were studied using plants inoculated in the laboratory and field. A total of 19 quantitative trait loci (2 major QTLs and 16 minor QTLs) were detected. Two QTLs ($An8.1$, $An9.1$) showed 16.4% phenotypic variations for anthracnose resistance after wounding inoculation. In addition, five minor QTL loci ($An7.3$, $An7.4$, $An4.1$, $An3.1$, $An3.2$) showed a total of 60.73% phenotypic variations of anthracnose resistance in the field test. Several significant QTLs were also detected and their reproducibility was confirmed under different inoculation conditions. These QTLs are now being confirmed with different breeding populations. Markers tightly linked to the QTLs that are reliable under different environmental conditions will help to determine the success of marker-assisted selection for anthracnose -resistant breeding programs in chili pepper.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify U.S. consumers' preferences for Bibimbap and to determine whether or not Bibimbap can be adopted into the American palate. A total of 214 people tasted a controlled amount of Bibimbap and Gochujang sauce (red chili pepper sauce) and then completed a preference test. Bibimbap was highly rated overall in the areas of appearance, color, smell, and taste. Gochujang sauce was also well-accepted in terms of taste and spiciness. Most of the participants disliked the seaweed and shiitake mushrooms, which means that Bibimbap can improve its garnish taste and aroma by removing them. Further, a more watery sauce was served as foreigners are not familiar with mixing food culture. Therefore, by offering diverse ingredient options, the acceptance of traditional Bibimbap can be increased in the U.S.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.198-204
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• 2011

This study was performed to enhance antifungal activity of anthracnose in chili pepper by nanopaticles of thiamine di-lauryl sulfate (TDS) through high pressure homogenization process. Yield of TDS was 79.14% by reaction of thiamine hydrochloride and sodium lauryl sulfate. TDS nanopaticle solution was manufactured through high pressure homogenization process. The turbidity of nanoparticles solution was increased with increasing the concentration of TDS, and nanoparticles solution of 100 ppm was showed the highest turbidity with absorbance of 3.212. The size of nanoparticles solution was measured as average 258.6 nm by DLS. Nanoparticles solution of 100 ppm showed growth inhibition activity with higher than about 80% compared to the control group against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Finally, nanoparticles solution was increased effectively the penetration of the TDS nanopaticles on attached cell membrane of hyphae and started to destruct the cells under microscope observation. Consequently, we suggested that the TDS nanoparticle solution by high pressure homogenization process might be suitable biochemical pesticides for improving the antifungal activities against anthracnose in pepper.