• Title/Summary/Keyword: Korean Standard Eye Test

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A Comparative Study between Korean Standard Eye Test and Test Chart 2000 Pro (Test Chart 2000 Pro와 한국 표준 검안법의 일치도 비교 연구)

  • Kang, Ji-Hun;Kim, Dal-Young
    • Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.69-80
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: We investigated validity of a monitor-based computer eye test program, Test Chart 2000 Pro (developed by Thomson Software Solutions, UK). Methods: We chose ten common eye tests of the Test Chart 2000 Pro and Korean Standard Eye Test, applying them to same subject groups each by each, followed by comparison and analyses of agreement degree of the results. Results: Among the ten eye tests, Snellen Chart, Cross-cyl target, Duochrome test, Fan and Block test, and Random dot stereograms showed statistically significant agreement between both the Korean standard eye test method and Test Chart 2000 Pro. On the other hand, some disagreements were found between the two eye test methods in LogMAR Chart, Single Letter Chart, Phoria Test, Fixation Disparity Test, and Worth 4 Dot Test. Conclusions: Comparing to the Korean Standard Eye Test that consists of Han eye chart and Phoroptor, validity of the Test Chart 2000 Pro is not so high. Further improvements of the Test Chart 2000 Pro in accuracy are required.

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Alternatives to In Vivo Draize Rabbit Eye and Skin Irritation Tests with a Focus on 3D Reconstructed Human Cornea-Like Epithelium and Epidermis Models

  • Lee, Miri;Hwang, Jee-Hyun;Lim, Kyung-Min
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.191-203
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    • 2017
  • Human eyes and skin are frequently exposed to chemicals accidentally or on purpose due to their external location. Therefore, chemicals are required to undergo the evaluation of the ocular and dermal irritancy for their safe handling and use before release into the market. Draize rabbit eye and skin irritation test developed in 1944, has been a gold standard test which was enlisted as OECD TG 404 and OECD TG 405 but it has been criticized with respect to animal welfare due to invasive and cruel procedure. To replace it, diverse alternatives have been developed: (i) For Draize eye irritation test, organotypic assay, in vitro cytotoxicity-based method, in chemico tests, in silico prediction model, and 3D reconstructed human cornealike epithelium (RhCE); (ii) For Draize skin irritation test, in vitro cytotoxicity-based cell model, and 3D reconstructed human epidermis models (RhE). Of these, RhCE and RhE models are getting spotlight as a promising alternative with a wide applicability domain covering cosmetics and personal care products. In this review, we overviewed the current alternatives to Draize test with a focus on 3D human epithelium models to provide an insight into advancing and widening their utility.

Studies on the Correlation between SPF index and Primary Irritation Index of Octylmethoxycinnamte (Octylmethoxycinnamate의 SPF 지수와 피부자극지수와의 상관성 연구)

  • 서수경;김종원;최주영;서경원;박창원;김규봉;김광진;이선희
    • Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.296-302
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    • 2002
  • In recent years, the safety of sunscreens have been challenged based on the reports of its adverse effects on users; dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic contact dermatitis. In the toxicological aspect, the need to investigate the safety of sunscreens is steadily increasing. However, there were few studies on the correlation between sun protection factor (SPF) and the safety of sunscreens. The objective of this study was to assess whether there was a correlation between SPF and the skin irritation index of sunscreens. Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) was selected, which was the most frequently used (about 92% in korea and about 90% in the world) in sunscreens. In vitro SPF test was performed using the standard samples recommended by KFDA guideline. We examined primary and cumulative skin irritation and eye irritation of OMC standard sample as well as homosalate. As in vitro SPF was increased, skin irritation index was increased in primary skin irritation test ($r^2$=0.986) and cumulative skin irritation test ($r^2$=0.939). In addition, OMC was non-irritating and non-sensitizing. In this results, there was a good correlation between SPF index and skin irritation index.

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Fabrication and application of cell-based microfluidic chip for eye-irritation test of chemicals (화학 물질의 안자극 시험용 세포 기반 미세유체 칩의 제작 및 응용)

  • Cho, Sujin;Rhee, Seog Woo
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.275-283
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    • 2021
  • This study presents the development of cell-based microfluidic chips for the performance of acute eye irritation tests due to chemicals and examined some of their applications. Microfluidic chips were fabricated by photolithography and soft lithography, and they had three compartments with different areas for cell culture. Rabbit corneal epithelial cells were used for the eye irritation test. The death of cells cultured inside the chip was monitored at regular time intervals after treatment with an aqueous solution of chemicals, and the cell death rate constants were calculated based on the viability curve. The performance of the microfluidic chip was verified by examining the effects of cell-cell junctions, cell-substrate adhesion, and initial cell numbers compared to cell death rates. Eye irritation tests were performed at various concentrations of an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a standard substance for the eye irritant test. The cells were exposed to the SDS aqueous solution for 300 s, and the resulting eye irritation was assessed by cell viability. Finally, the equation for calculating the toxicity score (TS) was derived based on the weighting factor for each compartment in the chip. The cell-based microfluidic chip developed in this study may be used for eye irritation tests from chemicals used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

A Case of Macular Edema Resulted from Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (망막분지정맥폐쇄로 유발된 황반부종 치험 1례)

  • Kim, Ji-Hyon;Heo, Eun-Jung;Kwon, Kang
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.186-195
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    • 2010
  • Objective : This study was performed to prove the effect of the oriental medical treatments like acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine on macular edema resulted from branch retinal vein occlusion which could lead to terrible result like permanent visual loss at worst. Methods : The patient was treated 62 times, from July 15th, 2009 through May 12th, 2010. We used fundus photography and Dr. Hann's standard test chart for 5m to examinate the patient's eyesight. We used acupuncture, electropuncture, moxibustion and herbal medicine to treat the patient. We considered visual field, scotoma, metamorphopsia and vitreous floater to measure the effect of treatment. Results : After about 10 months of treatment, the eyesight of Rt eye was improved from 0.8 to 0.9, Lt. eye from zero to 0.3. The visual field turbidity were absolutely cleared. The scotomas in Lt. eye were reduced from 5 to 2. The metamorphopsia were improved. The vitreous floaters in Rt. eye were decreased from 5~6 to 1~2. Conclusion : These results show that the oriental medical treatment can be conservative measure to the macular edema resulted from branch retinal vein occlusion.

Reference values for selected dry eye tests in normal Beagle dogs: a pilot study

  • Kim, Youngsam;Kang, Seonmi;Kim, Sunhyo;Shim, Jaeho;Go, Seokmin;Seo, Kangmoon
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.10.1-10.12
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    • 2022
  • Background: Dry eye disease (DED) cannot be diagnosed by a single test because it is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface. Although studies on various dry eye tests (DETs) in dogs have been reported, standard criteria have not been established except for the Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1). Objectives: To establish reference values for DETs in dogs with normal STT-1 values (≥ 15 mm/min) and to analyze the correlation between DETs. Methods: The STT-1 was performed in 10 healthy Beagle dogs (20 eyes). After 20 min, interferometry (IF) for estimating the lipid layer thickness (LLT) of the tear film, tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and meibomian gland loss rate of the upper eyelid (MGLRU) and lower eyelid (MGLRL), were measured using an ocular surface analyzer. Results: Mean values for STT-1, TMH, and NIBUT were as follows: 21.7 ± 3.4 mm/min, 0.41 ± 0.21 mm, and 19.1 ± 9.5 sec, respectively. The most frequent LLT range, measured by IF, was 30-80 nm (11 eyes), followed by 80 nm (5 eyes) and 80-140 nm (4 eyes). MGLRU ≤ 25% was measured in 11 eyes and 26%-50% in 9 eyes; MGLRL ≤ 25% in 8 eyes and 26%-50% in 12 eyes. Besides positive correlation between TMH and NIBUT (P = 0.038), there were no significant associations between DETs. Conclusions: Data obtained in this study provided normative references that could be useful for diagnosing DED and for further research into correlation between DETs in dogs with DED.

Clinical Study on one Patient with Vitreous Hemorrhage Caused by Diabetic Retinopathy (당뇨망막병증으로 유발된 유리체출혈(暴盲)환자 1례에 대한 임상적 고찰)

  • Jung Jae-Ho;Kwon Kang;Seo Hyung-Sik
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.112-119
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    • 2004
  • Objective: To carry out the oriental medical treatment on a patient with vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye caused by diabetic retinopathy and record the results of the treatment. Methods: 1. Diagnosis: Fundus photography, Colored paper, Dr. Hahn's standard test chart for 5M, Blood sugar measurement. 2. Treatment: Acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, Indirect moxibustion, Western medicines, Oryoungsan(Crude drug preparations) Results: Oriental treatment using Ohaeng-acupuncture, Electro-Acupuncture, Indirect moxibustion resulted in the Unaided visual acuity of 0.1 while it used to be the left eye visual acuity with only light sense I month ago. Looking from Fundus photography result, progress was achieved and diabetic retinopathy was found to be in progress in fluorescein fundus angiography to right eye also by revisiting the patient after treatment. Conclusions: 1. Vitrectomy has many advantages but there are instances where patients do not recover their visual acuity due to complications. Therefore it is necessary to prove the effect oriental medical treatment through more cases in future. 2 For diabetic retinopathy patients, diabetes must be treated together with visual acuity.

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Tracking Performance Test of Polymer Insulator with Salt Solution which is added Surface Active Agent (계면활성제가 첨가된 염수용액에 따른 폴리머 애자의 트래킹 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Han-Goo;Han, Dong-Hee;Lee, Un-Yong;Lim, Kee-Joe;Choi, In-Hyuk
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2004.07b
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    • pp.1121-1124
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    • 2004
  • Aging test to estimate life property of polymer insulator is executed through several international standard such as IEC 61109 and CEA tracking wheel test, but is not getting clear conclusion yet. There are two methods in the diagnosis method of polymer insulator such as off-line and on-line. The diagnosis methods in off-line are external condition analysis by the eye, contaminant analysis on surface, surface analysis, pollution withstand voltage test, power frequency flashover voltage test, lightning impulse flashover test, tensile fracture load test and flexural load test. The diagnosis methods in off-line most are the method for virgin and last aged sample. However, the diagnosis method in on-line is method that can be evaluate sample state as progressing continuously aging test in beginning, The diagnosis method in on-line is arranged as following: leakage current measurement, electric field, surface state investigation, thermal image, emitting light measurement and then so. In this paper, the tracking performance of polymer insulator with salt solution which is added surface active agent. The diagnosis of insulator sample has been analyzed by leakage current and visual examination.

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Evaluation of the Residual Performance of Partially Charred Components of Old Wooden Structure I - Use of Ultrasonic Velocity and Testing of the Drilling Resistance -

  • Lee, Hyun-Mi;Hwang, Won-Joung;Lee, Dong-Heub;Kim, Hong Sik
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.193-206
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    • 2014
  • Residual performance of old architectural wood which has been damaged was measured using Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE). The wood Pole Tester was used to assess ultrasonic velocity inside wood and drill resistance was determined using an IML-resistograph. For ultrasonic measurements squared timber and circular timber's measurements were separately conducted with 1,300 m/s as the standard ultrasonic velocity. The standard wood samples divided into two parts; a non-sound area (below the standard), and a sound area (above the standard). Furthermore, schematization of wood was compared with results naked eye observation. The drilling resistance test was performed for both length and thickness direction in wood. The internal of the drilling was set at 30 cm (length direction), 5 cm (width direction) and 30cm (thickness direction). A non-sound area was defined as that 1) amplitude is below 20% and 2) carbonization and deterioration are related.

Studies on the Modeling of the Three-dimensional Standard Face and Deriving of Facial Characteristics Depending on the Taeeumin and Soyangin (소양인, 태음인의 표준 3차원 얼굴 모델링 개발 및 그 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Seon-Young;Hwang, Min-Woo
    • Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.350-364
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    • 2014
  • Objectives This study was aimed to find the significant features of face form according to the Taeeumin and Soyangin by analyzing the three-dimensional face information data. Also, making standard face of the Taeeumin and Soyangin was an object of this study. Methods We collected three-dimensional face data of patients aged between 20~45 years old diagnosed by a specialist of Sasang constitutional medicine. The data were collected using a 3D scanner, Morpheus 3D(Morpheus Corporation, KOREA). Extracting a face feature point total of 64, was set to 332 pieces(height, angle, ratio, etc.) of each variable between feature points. ANOVA test were used to compare the characteristics of subjects according to the Taeeumin and Soyangin. Results When not to consider gender, the Taeeumin and Soyangin were different from the 18 items(3 items in the ear, 9 items in the eye, 1 item in the nose, 1 item in the mouth, 4 items in the jaw). When to consider gender, the Taeeumin and Soyangin men were different from the 6 items(1 item in the ear, 2 items in the nose, 3 items in the face). And the Taeeumin and Soyangin women were different from 17 items(1 item in the ear, 10 items in the eye, 2 items in the nose, 1 item in the mouth, 3 items in the face). Conclusions These results show Taeeumin's face(both men and women) width of the right and left is larger than the length of the top and bottom. Compared to men of Soyangin, men of Taeeumin has greater wings of the nose. Compared to women of Soyangin, women of Taeeumin has longer length of the eye. Soyangin's face(both men and women) length of the top and bottom is larger than the width of the right and left. Compared to men of Taeeumin, men of Soyangin has smaller wings of the nose. Compared to women of Taeeumin, women of Soyangin has more stereoscopic facial features at the top and bottom of the lateral face. Also, by accumulating three-dimensional face data, this study modeled the standard facial features by Taeeumin and Soyangin. These results may be helpful in the development of Sasang constitutional diagnostics utilizing the characteristics of the facial form at later.