• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2007

Data from a comparative slaughter experiment with two hundreds of Korean native (Hanwoo) beef steers were utilized to determine net energy and protein requirements for growth (NEg and NPg). Eight randomly selected steers were used in the initial slaughter group of 6 month of age and the remaining steers allocated to treatments within two groups. The restricted groups were fed 1.2 to 1.5% concentrate per kg body weight (BW) in the growing period (6～12 month of age), 1.7 to 1.8% concentrate per kg BW in the early fattening period (13～18 month of age), and concentrate feed ad libitum in the late fattening period (19～30 month of age). Ad libitum groups were fed concentrate ad libitum through the whole period. Rice straw was offered ad libitum for 24 month of two feeding systems. The steers were slaughtered when animals reached every 2 month from 8 to 30 month of age. For all body composition determinations, whole empty body components were weighed, taken each proportional subsample was ground for chemical analysis. Equations developed with the pooled data to predicted NEg and NPg were similar to the equations of Japanese Feeding Standard for Beef Cattle (2000). First equations were developed to predicted NEg; NEg = 0.05332×LBW0.75×DG for restricted treatment and NEg = 0.04912×LBW0.75×DG for ad libitum treatment. Second equations were developed to predicted NPg; NPg = DG × (224.7－0.251×LBW) for restricted treatment and NPg=DG×(210.1－0.214×LBW) for ad libitum treatment.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2006

This survey was carried out to investigate the occurrence of reproductive disorders in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo). The general management status such as barn type, feed intake, parity and type of reproductive disorders were examined in the Hanwoo farms. In this survey, the total incidence of reproductive disorders that was assessed from 54 Hanwoo farms was 11.6% (73/ 631). We first examined the incidence of reproductive disorders following herd size per farm. The rates of reproductive disorders in under 10 heads, 10 to 20 heads and over 20 heads were 25.2%, 9.4% and 8.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The rate of reproductive disorders in tie stall barn was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in free stall barn (14.9% vs. 8.1%). The major types of reproductive disorders were follicular cysts (21.8%), fat necrosis (21.8%), and repeat breeding (17.8%). The rate of reproductive disorders assessed by the parity tended to decrease as the parity increased. The relationship between incidence of reproductive disorders and body condition score (BCS) was investigated in 203 Hanwoo. The incidence of reproductive disorder was 80.0%, 8.8%, 9.4%, 10.0%, 33.3% and 57.1% at 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 of BCS, respectively. These data show that the increase of herd size, barn type and BCS affect the incidence of reproductive disorders such as follicular cysts, fat necrosis and repeat breeding in Hanwoo.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.455-462
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• 2003

A study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a diet containing no Ca supplement (limestone) during the late finishing period on growth, marbling and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ level in Korean native cattle. Twenty-four steers (20${\sim}$24 mo of age) were divided into two groups of 12 each: one group assigned to a control diet (concentrates containing 2.5% limestone) and the other to a diet containing no calcium supplement. They were allowed to have free access to diets (concentrates and orchard grass hay) and water during the entire feeding period (223 d). Serum $Ca^{2+}$, Ca and P concentrations were not influenced by diets, but serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ concentrations determined 2 or 6 mo after the beginning of feeding the experimental diets were higher (P<0.01) in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in those fed the control diet (78.3 vs 51.7 and 80.3 vs 51.1 pg/mL, respectively). Steers fed the diet without Ca supplement tended to have a higher intake of concentrates, but a lower intake of hay, compared to those fed the control diet. Average daily gain was higher (P<0.05) in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in those fed the control diet. Feeding the diet without Ca supplement remarkably (P<0.01) increased the marbling score (5.1 vs 2.2) and the muscle (M. longissimus dorsi) fat content (10.2 vs 6.7%) with a concomitant decrease in moisture content (67.6 vs 70.4%), compared to feeding the control diet. Ribeye area was increased (77.2 vs 82.8 $cm^2$) with the diet without Ca supplement, compared to the control diet (P<0.05). Meat color, pH and water-holding capacity in longissimus muscle were not different between the two groups. The Warner-Brazler Shear (WBS) force of the longissimus muscle was slightly (P=0.08) lower in steers fed the diet without Ca supplement than in steers fed the control diet (2.9 vs 3.2 kg/1.27-cm diameter core). Sensory evaluation showed that feeding the diet without Ca supplement slightly (P<0.05) improved tenderness (4.9 vs 4.5) and flavor (4.9 vs 4.6), compared to feeding the control diet, but juiciness was not affected by diets. Results showed that deletion of Ca supplement from finishing diets is beneficial, increasing growth and marbling partly through an increased energy intake and induced 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin $D_3$ synthesis that may increase intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration and in turn fat synthesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.699-708
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• 2006

Ground rice, barley and corn were fed separately to the ruminally cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) for comparing their in situ and in vitro degradabilities, microbial growth, pH and gas production. It has been found that nearly all the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) in barley and rice disappeared during 24 hr suspension in the rumen, but those in corn were only reduced by around 67%. Water soluble DM and OM fractions(‘a’), ranked from highest to lowest was corn, then rice and finally barley, but the order was reversed for content ‘b’, degradable fraction during time ‘t’. Judging by the degradation parameter of ‘b’ fraction, degradation rates per hour of DM and OM for barley were 38.3% and 37.2% respectively, significantly higher than those for rice (7.7% and 5.6%) and corn (4.1% and 1.3%). In general, results obtained from in vitro degradability of DM and OM were lower than those from in situ trials, but the ranking order of degradability was in agreement between both trials. In particular, ground rice has relatively lower in vitro microbial growth than corn or barley, but exhibited higher gas production. In addition, in vitro microbial growth of ground rice increased with up to 12 hr of incubation period, thereafter experienced a decrease with extended incubation time. pH of in vitro solution of rice decreased following 9 hr of incubation but gas production increased rapidly during the same period. From the results of DM and OM degradabilities and pH changes of in vitro solution with incubation time, it is concluded that rice represents a good source of energy for stability of rumen fermentation.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.651-659
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• 2008

This study aimed to develop polyclonal antibodies to regional inedible adipocytes of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) and investigate cross-reactivity of the antibodies. Patterns in plasma membrane proteins (PMPs) from abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes of Hanwoo isolated by collagenase digestion were investigated using SDS-PAGE. As antigens, abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte PMPs of Hanwoo were injected to sheep 3 times at 3 wk intervals for passive immunization, and non-immunized serum and antisera were collected before and after the injections. Titers of the antisera obtained from sheep and their cross-reactivities with heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, and spleen of Hanwoo were determined by ELISA. Isolation and culture of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes of Hanwoo were performed for analysing LDH concentration. Based on the SDS-PAGE analysis, specific proteins of PMPs in abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes appeared despite rather similar patterns between both adipocytes. At the level of 1:1,000 dilution, little antibody reactivity appeared in non-immunized serum whereas the antisera had relatively strong reactivity up to the level of 1:128,000 and 1:64,000 dilution. These findings may indicate that strong antibodies against adipocyte PMPs can be developed using an immunological approach. Extremely low reactivities of abdominal and subcutaneous adipocyte antisera were detected with PMPs of the organs. Both antisera strongly reacted with each adipocyte PMPs and showed statistically (p<0.01) higher cross-reactivities compared with non-immunized serum. In conclusion, these results may indicate that the present polyclonal antibodies against regional inedible adipocyte PMPs are well developed and have safety in cross-reactivities with body organs. Further studies on in vivo cross-reactivity and fat reduction of the antibodies against abdominal and subcutaneous adipocytes PMPs of Hanwoo should be required for inedible fat-reduced high quality beef production.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1255-1261
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• 2018

Whole genome analysis have been made possible with the development of DNA sequencing technologies and discovery of many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Large number of SNP can be analyzed with SNP chips, since SNPs of human as well as livestock genomes are available. Among the various missing nucleotide imputation programs, Minimac3 software is suggested to be highly accurate, with a simplified workflow and relatively fast. In the present study, we used Minimac3 program to perform genomic missing value substitution 1,226 animals 770K SNP chip and imputing missing SNPs with next generation sequencing data from 311 animals. The accuracy on each chromosome was about 94~96%, and individual sample accuracy was about 92~98%. After imputation of the genotypes, SNPs with R Square ($R^2$) values for three conditions were 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 and the percentage of SNPs were 91%, 84%, and 70% respectively. The differences in the Minor Allele Frequency gave $R^2$ values corresponding to seven intervals (0, 0.025), (0.025, 0.05), (0.05, 0.1), (0.1, 0.2), (0.2, 0.3). (0.3, 0.4) and (0.4, 0.5) of 64~88%. The total analysis time was about 12 hr. In future SNP chip studies, as the size and complexity of the genomic datasets increase, we expect that genomic imputation using Minimac3 can improve the reliability of chip data for Hanwoo discrimination.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.102-115
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• 2004

Main objectives of this study were to increase digestibilities of indigestible ingredients in spent mushroom composts (SMC) consisted of sawdust mainly as well as to fortify conversion of inorganic Se present in SMC to organic Se via fermentable microbial actions. Experimental feeds were designed to contain the increasing level of selenium (0.06ppm, 0.54ppm, 1.26ppm and 1.86ppm) in combination with SMCs of Se-enriched and non-Se mushrooms. Feeds were also fermented using commercial microbial feed additives (Sambae, Ltd., Korea) comprised Saccharomyces, Bacillus, Aspergillus, Streptococcus and Actinomycetes before feeding trial for Hanwoo (Korean native cattle). Those were fermented for 0, 12, 24, and 48 hrs. Initial pH was linearly increased as Se concentration increases or the proportion of SMC of Se-enriched mushroom increased (p<0.0001). pH values of fermented feeds (0.54ppm, 1.26ppm and 1.86ppm) containing SMC of Se-enriched mushroom were not different since 12 hrs of fermentation time and their pH was significantly lowered compared to control group. The increasing level of Se concentration in fermented feeds showed significant differences in organic and inorganic Se contents and proportion of organic Se among treatments. As a SMC proportion of Se-enriched mushrooms in the fermented feed was increased, organic Se proportion was significantly decreased (p<0.0001). The control treatment (0.06ppm) comprising the non-Se SMC only was estimated of the organic Se to be 100% and the treatment groups containing the increasing level of Se were estimated of organic Se to be approximately 70%.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.997-1006
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the proximate composition, pH, meat color, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL), cholesterol content, and trans-fatty acid content of Hanwoo beef according to quality grade and cut. Five cuts [Cheggt (strip loin), Dngsim (loin), Moksim (chuck roll), Udoon (top round), Yanggi (brisket)] were obtained from 15 Hanwoo animals [3 bulls and 12 steers, 24-30 months old]. Three animals were selected from each quality grade of $1^{++}$, $1^+$, 1, 2, and 3. The protein and moisture contents (%) were significantly higher, and the fat contents (%) were significantly lower in 3 quality grade compared to the other grades (p<0.05). pH values of chuck roll and strip loin were significantly lower in $1^+$ quality grade (5.61 and 5.51) than those in 3 quality grade (5.88 and 5.92) (p<0.05). CIE L* values were significantly higher in the $1^{++}$ quality grade group (38.52-42.69%) than in 3 quality grade (33.02-36.08) (p<0.05). In the $1^{++}$ and 2 quality grade groups, CIE $L^*$ values of loin were significantly higher than those of other cuts (p<0.05). CIE $a^*$ values of loin (28.11) in 1 quality grade were the highest, whereas those of strip loin (15.36) in 3 quality grade were the lowest (p<0.05). WHC was not significantly different among the five cuts or quality grades. In CL, loin and strip loin were significantly lower in $1^{++}$ quality grade than in 3 quality grade (p<0.05), and they were also significantly lower (22.21-24.81%) than the other cuts in the same quality grade (p<0.05). The loin in $1^{++}$ (41.26 mg/100 g), $1^+$ (43.23), and 1 quality grades (48.63) had higher cholesterol contents (%) than in 2 (36.02) and 3 quality grades (29.84) (p<0.05). Cholesterol contents of the five cuts in $1^{++}$ quality grade (39.44-43.31%) were significantly higher than those in 3 quality grade (28.09-32.39%). The trans-fatty acid contents of the five cuts were 1.08-2.72%. The loin, strip loin, brisket, and top round in 3 quality grade had significantly higher trans-fatty acid contents than those of the other grades (p<0.05).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.726-735
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS), sarcomere length, total collagen contents and consumer tests of different cuts of Hanwoo beef based on quality grade. Five cuts [Cheggt (striploin), Dngsim (loin), Moksim (chuck roll), Udoon (top round), Yanggi (brisket)] were obtained from Hanwoo beef (bulls and steers, 24-30 months old) and grouped by their quality grades ($1^{++}$, $1^+$, 1, 2 and 3). The WBS values of chuck cut in $1^{++}$, $1^+$ and 1 quality grade groups were 5.47 (kg/0.5 $inch^2$), 5.46 (kg/0.5 $inch^2$) and 6.54 (kg/0.5 $inch^2$), respectively, which were significantly lower than those of chuck in quality grade 3, which was 8.41 (kg/0.5 $inch^2$) (p<0.05). The sarcomere length of the quality grade groups were significantly longer for brisket (3.72 ${\mu}m$) of $1^{++}$ quality grade than for that of 3 quality grade brisket (p<0.05). Brisket of $1^{++}$ and 2 quality grade had significantly greater sarcomere lengths than strip loin and top round in the same quality grade (p<0.05). The total collagen contents of strip loins in the $1^{++}$, $1^+$, and 1 quality grade groups (1.17, 1.18 and 1.14 g/100 g, respectively) were significantly lower than those of the 3 quality grade group (1.63 g/100 g) (p<0.05). The overall sensory scores of tenderness and juiciness for the five cuts of $1^{++}$ quality grade were significantly higher than those of the other quality grade (p<0.05). Among the five cuts, loin had the highest tenderness and juiciness scores (p<0.05), whereas top round had the lowest tenderness and juiciness scores (p<0.05). Overall, there were significant differences in the WBS and sensory properties among quality grades and cuts (p<0.05). However, the sarcomere length and total collagen contents of chuck roll, top round and loin did not differ among quality grades.