Journal of Animal Science and Technology

Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology (한국축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Studies on In situ and In vitro Degadabilities, Microbial Growth and Gas Production of Rice, Barley and Corn

쌀, 보리, 옥수수의 반추위내 In situ 및 In vitro 분해율, 미생물 성장과 Gas 발생량에 대한 연구

  • Published : 2006.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Ground rice, barley and corn were fed separately to the ruminally cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) for comparing their in situ and in vitro degradabilities, microbial growth, pH and gas production. It has been found that nearly all the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) in barley and rice disappeared during 24 hr suspension in the rumen, but those in corn were only reduced by around 67%. Water soluble DM and OM fractions(‘a’), ranked from highest to lowest was corn, then rice and finally barley, but the order was reversed for content ‘b’, degradable fraction during time ‘t’. Judging by the degradation parameter of ‘b’ fraction, degradation rates per hour of DM and OM for barley were 38.3% and 37.2% respectively, significantly higher than those for rice (7.7% and 5.6%) and corn (4.1% and 1.3%). In general, results obtained from in vitro degradability of DM and OM were lower than those from in situ trials, but the ranking order of degradability was in agreement between both trials. In particular, ground rice has relatively lower in vitro microbial growth than corn or barley, but exhibited higher gas production. In addition, in vitro microbial growth of ground rice increased with up to 12 hr of incubation period, thereafter experienced a decrease with extended incubation time. pH of in vitro solution of rice decreased following 9 hr of incubation but gas production increased rapidly during the same period. From the results of DM and OM degradabilities and pH changes of in vitro solution with incubation time, it is concluded that rice represents a good source of energy for stability of rumen fermentation.

본 시험은 반추위 누관이 시술된 한우 수소 3두를 이용하여 쌀, 옥수수 및 보리의 in situ 분해율과 in vitro 시험으로서 영양소 분해율, 미생물 성장량, pH 변화 및 gas 발생량을 비교분석함으로써 쌀의 사료적 이용성을 평가해 보고자 수행되었다.In situ 건물 및 유기물 소실율은 반추위내 24시간 발효 시, 보리와 쌀은 거의 대부분이 소실된 반면, 옥수수는 약 67%만 소실되어 분해 속도가 매우 느린 것으로 나타났다. 수용성 물질인 ‘a’ 부분은 옥수수, 쌀, 보리 순으로 많았으며, 천천히 분해되는 ‘b’ 부분은 ‘a’ 부분과 정 반대의 경향으로서 ‘b’ 부분의 분해 상수(‘c’ 부분)로부터 시간당 건물과 유기물의 분해속도는 보리의 경우 각각 38.3%, 37.2%로서 쌀(7.7%, 5.6%)이나 옥수수(4.1%, 1.3%)에 비해 매우 빠르게 일어났다. In vitro 건물 및 유기물 분해율은 in situ 분해율에 비해 수준은 현저히 낮았으나, 보리, 쌀, 옥수수 순으로 높아 곡류 간 순서는 일치하였다. In vitro 미생물 성장은 쌀이 옥수수나 보리보다 상대적으로 낮았으나, 가스 발생량은 높게 나타났으며, pH는 발효시간에 따른 저하속도가 쌀에서 가장 느린 것으로 나타났다. 발효시간에 따른 미생물 성장량은 발효 12시간까지 높아졌다가 이후로 감소하였고, 배양액의 pH는 발효초기에는 높았다가 이후로 점차 감소하였으며, gas 발생량은 발효 9시간까지는 빠르게 증가하였다가 이후로 증가폭이 둔화되었다.이상의 결과에서 반추위내 건물과 유기물의 분해율과 발효시간의 경과에 따른 pH의 저하속도 등을 고려하면, 쌀은 옥수수와 함께 반추위내 발효 안정을 위한 에너지원으로서 사용 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Aimone, J. C. and Wagner, D. G. 1977. Micronized wheat II. Influences on in vitro digestibility, in vitro gas production and gelatinization. J. Anim. Sci. 44: 1096
  2. AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analytical chemists., Washington, D.C., U.S.A
  3. Banks, W. and Greenwood, C. T. 1975. The hydrodynamic behaviour of native amylose. In: Conformation of Biopolymers. Vol. 2. p. 739. Academic Press, London
  4. Blaxter, K. L. and Clapperton, J. L. 1965. Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants. Br. J. Nutr. 19:51L
  5. Blaxter, K. L. 1989. Energy metabolism in animal and man. Cambridge University press, New York
  6. Cone, J. W., Cline-Theil, W., Malestein, A. and thvan't Klooster, A. 1989. Degradation of starch by incubation with rumen fluid. A. comparison of different starch sources. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 49:173 https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740490206
  7. Dehority, B. A. and Scott, H. W. 1967. Extent of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion in various forage by pure cultures of rumen bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 50: 1136 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(67)87579-9
  8. de Visser, H. and de Goot, A. M. 1980. The influence of the starch and sugar content of concentrations on feed intake, rumen fermentation, production and composition of milk. In: Giesecke, D., Dirksen, G., Stangassinger, M. Y. (Eds.), Proceedings of Disease farm animals, Munich, Germany. Fotodruck Frank OHG, p. 41
  9. Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics. 11: 1 https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478
  10. Ferorak, P. M. and Hrwdey, S. E. 1983. A simple apparatus for measuring gas production by methanogenic cultures in serum bottles. Environ. Technol. Lett. 4:425 https://doi.org/10.1080/09593338309384228
  11. Garesh, D. and Grieve, D. G. 1990. Effect of roasting row soybeans at three temperatures on in situ dry matter and nitrogen disaddearance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 73:3222 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)79014-5
  12. Galyean, M. L., Wagner, D. G. and Owens, F. N. 1979. Com particle size and site and extent of digestion by steers. J. Anim. Sci. 49:199
  13. Mathison, G. W., Engstrom, D. F. and Macleod, D. D. 1991. Effect of feeding whole and rolled barley to steer in the morning or afternoon in diets containing different proportions of hay and grain. Anim. prod. 53:205
  14. Moe, P. W. and Tyrrell, H. F. 1979. Methane production in dairy cows. J. Dairy. Sci. 62:1583 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83465-7
  15. Moore, J. E. 1970. Procedure for two-stage in vitro digestion of forage. In L. E. Harrison(ed.). Nutrition research technique for domestic and wild animals. J. Brit. Grassl. Sci. 18:119
  16. Mould, F. L., Orskov, E. R. and Mann, S. O. 1984. Associative effects of mixed feeds. I. effects of type and level of supplementation and the influence of the rumen fluid pH on cellulolysis in vivo and dry matter digestion of various roughages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 10:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(83)90003-2
  17. National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals: Nutient requirements of beef cattle. 6th ed. NAS-NRC, Washinton, D.C
  18. Nocek, J. E. 1988. In situ and other methods to estimate ruminal protin and energy digestibility, A review. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2051 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79781-7
  19. Nordin, M. and Campling, R. C. 1976. Digestibility studies with cows given whole and rolled cereal grains. Anim. prod. 23:305 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100031421
  20. Owens, F. N. and Goetsch, A. L. 1986. Digesta passage and microbial protein synthesis. In: Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants. pp. 196-223. eds. Milligan, L. P., W. L. Grovum, and A. Dobson. A Reston Book, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA
  21. Orskov, E. R. and Mcdonald, I. 1979. The estimation of protein digradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92:499 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048
  22. Robinson, P. H. and Kennelly, J. J. 1989. Influence of ammoniation of high moisture barley on digestibility, kinetics of rumen ingesta turnover, and milk production in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69:195 https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-023
  23. Rooney, L. W. and Pflugfelder, R. L. 1986. Factors affecting starch digestibility with special emphasis on sorghum and com. J. Anim. Sci. 63:1607
  24. Rooney, L. w., Khan, M. N. and Earp, C. F. 1980. The technology of sorghum products. In : G. Inglett(Ed.). Recent progress in cereal chemistry : Cereals for Food and Beverages. pp. 515-554. Academic Press. NY. USA
  25. SAS. 1997. User's Guide: Statistics. Statistical Analysis System. Inst. Inc., Carry, NC, USA
  26. Shibata, M., Terada, F., Iwasaki, K.. Kurihara, M. and Nishida, T. 1992. Methane production in heifers, sheep and goats consuming diets of various hay-concentrate ratios. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn). 3:1221
  27. Thomas, E. E. 1988. The effect of particle size arid steam treatment of feedstuffs on rate and extent of digestion(In vitro and in situ). J. Anim. Sci. 66:243
  28. Van Keuren, R. W. and Heineman, W. W. 1962. Study of a nylon bag technique for in vivo estimation of froage digestibility. J. Anim. Sci 21:340
  29. Van Soest, P. V. 1982. Carbohydrate. In : Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminants. pp. 106-108. O&Books, INC., Corrallis. OR, USA
  30. Verite, R., Michalet-Doreau, B. Chapoutot, P. Peyraud, J. L. and Poncet, C. 1987. vision Du systmed des protines digesstible dans l'intestin (PDI). Bull. Tech. CRZV. Theix, INRA, 70:19
  31. Wall, J. S. and Paulis, L. W. 1978. Com and sorghum grain proteins. In : Y. Pomeranz(Ed.) Advances in Cereal Science and Technology II. pp. 135-219. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul. MN, USA
  32. Whister, R L. and Daniel, J. R. 1984. Molecular structure of starch. In: Chemistry and Technology (2nd Ed.). pp. 153-182. Academic Press. NY, USA
  33. 농림부. 2002. 농림업 주요 통계
  34. 농림부. 2003. 곡류사료수출입통계 http://www. maf.go.kr
  35. 장선식, 홍성구,이병석, 조영무, 조원모, 권응기, 백봉현, 송만강. 2006. 한우 육성 비육 시 보리 급여수준이 증체와 육질에 미치는 효과. 한국동물자원과학회지. 48(2):247 https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2006.48.2.247
  36. 하종규, 이성실, 곽병오, 문태현, 강수현. 1994. 옥수수의 가공처리가 영양소 이용성에 미치는 영향.I. 젖소 반추위내에서 건물 및 조단백질의 소실률과 분해도. 낙농학회지. 16:1

Cited by

  1. Effect of Dietary Cracked Whole Barley on the Meat Compositional Properties of Hanwoo Steer Loin Beef vol.53, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2011.53.4.357
  2. Effect of Dietary Cracked Whole Barley on the Carcass Characteristics and Meat Composition in Hanwoo Steers vol.53, pp.4, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2011.53.4.367
  3. Nutritional Evaluation of Rice with Different Processing Treatments on in vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and in situ Degradation vol.26, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.11625/KJOA.2018.26.2.281