• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.6 s.101
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• pp.439-443
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• 2006

Biocompatibility and tissue regenerating capacity are essential characteristics in the design of collagenous biomaterials for tissue engineering. Attachment of glycosaminoglycans to collagen may add to these characteristics by creating an appropriate micro-environment. In this study, porous type I collagen matrices were crosslinked using dehydrothermal treatment and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide, in the presence and absence of chondroitin sulfate (CS). The scaffold like discs in 3 mm diameter were inserted into the intralamellar stromal pockets of rabbit cornea. In 8 weeks of follow up, clinical evaluation including corneal neovascularization, opacity and transparency of the graft scaffold was performed, and the inflammatory reaction and migration of corneal fibroblast were evaluated histologically. No inflammation, neovascularization and opacity in any of the implant were observed. CS increased the corneal fibroblast invasion and the transparency. It is concluded that the type I collagen sponge showed a biocompatibility in corneal stromal layer and addition of CS slightly improved the quality of the bioartificial corneal stromal layer. These results could be useful for the development of corneal substitutes.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

Objectives : Because of the recent well-being syndrome, concerns about smoking cessation, as well as dietary improvement and exercise, are being increased. There are various methods for smoking cessation. Among them, recently acupuncture treatment is verified through diverse attempts. This research was conducted to examine the effects of acupuncture treatment especially on juvenile smoking cessation. Methods : From April 04 to Oct 04, this study had investigated 93 middle and high school students. 5 times of acupuncture treatment were given to each participant, and the survey was executed before and after each treatment. The acupuncture was treated to the ear alternately twice a week. The evaluation was taken before the treatment after the 1st treatment, and the 5th treatment with 6 questions of amount of daily smoking, desire to smoke, taste of smoking, subjective symptoms, smoking cessation proportion, Fagerstorm Tolerance Questionaire point. Results : Regarding amount of daily smoking, the significant tendency between before and after the treatment varied, but between the 1st and the 5th treatment, there was no difference. The 1st treatment had caused desire to smoke reduction in 46 students(49.5%), but the 5th treatment didn't have much effects on desire to smoke(43 persons; 46.2%). After treatment, 37.6% had no effect in taste of smoking, while the rest of them showed various reactions. Also, there were no difference of significant tendency between the 1st and 5th treatments. In respect to the amount of smoking, 70% of them achieved smoking cessation, or reduction in smoking, but about 25% of them showed no changes. Various subjective symptoms such as lethargy, decrease of appetite, headache were shown, and especially desire to smoke was shown pervasively. Regarding Fagerstorm Tolerance Questionaire point, the average of significant tendency in point after the treatment had decreased(3.1+-2.4 to 2.1+-2.1, p<0.0001). but for those students who had tried smoking cessation less than 5 times, Fagerstorm Tolerance Questionaire point had decreased significantly, but for the others who had tried smoking cessation more than 5times, there were no difference. Conclusion : In regard to 6 questions of amount of daily smoking, desire to smoke, taste of smoking, subjective symptoms, smoking cessation proportion, Fagerstorm Tolerance Questionaire point, various conclusion is drawn. These results suggest that acupuncture treatment on juvenile may have the tendency of smoking cessation.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.159-168
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• 2019

This study aims to find out the causal factors associated with vitamin D levels of Koreans after research. The data used in the study by KNHANES VI-2. Cross-analysis was performed to find factors related to serum vitamin D and relative risk was assessed by logistic regression. The estimated summary Odds ratio of groups under 40 was 4.1, Spring and Winter was 4.2, of region was 2.1, of Smoker was 1.8, of not supplementation intake was 2.1, and of sedentary lifestyle 1.1 in male group. And the estimated summary OR of group under 40 was 1.9, of occupation was 4.5, of not supplementation intake was 3.0 in female group. Different results by gender are thought to be related to lifestyle and behavior. It is considered that supplementation intake and outdoor activities should be increased as an important means to recover. It is expected to be used as basic data for preventing disease of Koreans and to conduct further experimental research.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.144-157
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• 2000

This study was done to understand nonpharmacologic pain management for pediateric patients and nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward it. The aim of this study was that which method did the patient's use according to the nurses' age, and how did they effectively use these methods in their field. The subjects of this study were 77 nurses working in the Pediatric unit in the Kyung Medical Center from September 2 to 15, 1999 using questionnaire form. The results of this study were as follows : 1. We divided the subjects into four groups : Younger than one year old, 1-6 years, 6-12 years, 12-18 years group. In the group younger one year old, most of the nurses participating in this study used speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch, toys, pacifiers. In the group of 1-6 years, they used speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, distracting attention, story talking, and visual stimulus. In the group of 6-12 years. they used pop-up books, providing information, cold therapy, speaking in soft quiet tones, supportive touch. In the group of 12-19 years, most of them used providing information, controling respiration and supportive touch. 2. The effective nursing intervention used in their field are speaking in soft quiet tones, pacifiers and nesting with blanket in the group of younger than one year old. Un the group of 1-6 years old, speaking in soft quiet tones, toys, and supportive touch were effective method in the control of nonp-harmacologic pain management. In the group of 6-12 years old, story talking, supportive touch, and speaking in soft quiet tones were effective method and in the group of 12-18 years old, providing information, cold therapy and supportive touch were effectively used to control nonpharmacologic pain management. 3. To compare the general characteristics and non-pharmacologic pain nursing intervention, in the group of younger than one year, touching stimuli is widely used. In the groups of 1-6, and 6-12 years old, visual and audio method were widely used. In the group of 12-18 years old, sensitive intervention were used as well as education, information and guided imagery. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in nurses' demographic characteristics, child's age and nonpharmacologic pain management. There was significant difference only in the nurses working area, that is nurses working in the surgical department used more audio-visual-tactile pain management methods than medical department.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.297-308
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• 2003

Face-bow is used to transfer models to the articulator in diagnosing the patient or treating problems associated with occlusion. However, there have been few reports on the reliability of the face-bow procedure and the relationship between the experience of the operator and the reliability of the face-bow procedure. The purposes of this study are to examine the reliability of the face-bow procedure and to evaluate whether the face-bow transferring has any training effect. Nine dentists working at M hospital conducted a face-bow transfer in one patient having a normal dentition and interdental relationship. The procedure was done two times a week for four weeks. The maxillary model was mounted to the articulator every time, then the landmarks on the maxillary right first molar, the maxillary left central incisor, and the maxillary left first molar were measured with a special three-dimensional instrument. These data were input into a computer, and evaluated statistically. The results were as follows ; 1. When examined with ANOVA test, the results were p=0.2040 in maxillary right first molar, p=0.0578 in maxillary left incisor, and p=0.1433 in maxillary left first molar. There was no significant(0< $p{\leq}0.05$). 2. Training 1) The correlation coefficient between trial and rejection was -0.578 when analyzed with T-distribution. The more we tried, the less errors we found. 2) When the S.D. of the first three trials was compared to the S.D. of the last three trials in face-bow transfer, the results showed that the former was larger than the latter in thirty-nine times, and the latter was larger than the former in fifteen times. The more we tried face-bow transfer, the less errors we found. 3. When the S.D. of x, y, z coordinates were examined, the S.D. of x coordinates had the largest measurement in five times, the S.D. of y coordinates had the largest measurement in four times, and the S.D. of z coordinates had the largest measurement in nine times. The possibility which the error can occur in z coordinate was the highest.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2004

Intestinal atresia is a frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in the newborn. We reviewed the clinical presentation, associated anomalies, types of atresias, operative managements, and early postoperative complications in 36 cases of intestinal atresia treated at the Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital between January 1994 and February 2003. Location of the lesion was duodenum in 17 patients, jejunum in 11 patients and ileum in 8 patients. The male to female ratio was 1:1.4 in duodenal atresia (DA), 2.7:1 in jejunal atresia (JA) and 7:1 in ileal atresia (IA). The most common type was type III (41.1 %) in DA, and type I (52.6 %) in JA and IA. The most common presenting symptoms was vomiting(88.2 %) in DA, but in jejunoileal atresia, vomiting(89.4 %) and abdominal distension(89.4 %) were the most common sign and symptom. All cases of DA were diagnosed by plain abdominal radiography. There were 6 cases of DA with congenital heart disease, 3 cases of DA with Down syndrome and 3 cases of JA with meconium peritonitis. Segmental resection was performed in 13 cases, duodenoduodenostomy in 11 cases, membrane excision in 7 cases, jejunojejunostomy in 2 cases, gastroduodenostomy in 2 cases and ileocolic anastomosis in 1 case. There were 9 postoperative complications including 3 each of anastomotic leakage, wound infection, and intestinal obstruction 3 cases. The mortality rate for DA was 11.8 %(2/17). Both deaths in DA were attributed to congenital heart disease. The mortality rate for JA was 18% (2/11). Both cases died with sepsis and short bowel syndrome.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.45-59
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ultrasound on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in 26 female Sprauge-Dawley rats by the subcutaneous injection of a single dose of .1 mL of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) (1 mg of Mycobacterium Butyricum suspended in .1 $m{\ell}$ paraffin oil) into the right hind paw. After confirming inflammatory edema and arthritis in the paw 2 weeks later, the arthritic rats were divided into 3 groups, i.e., a control group, a pulsed ultrasound group (Group A), and a continuous ultrasound group (Group B) with 8 rats placed in each group. The rats in Group A were treated with pulsed ultrasound at 1 MHz frequency with .5 $W/cm^2$ intensity in 1 : 4 mode for 3 minutes. The rats in Group B were treated with continuous ultrasound at 1 MHz frequency with 2 $W/cm^2$ intensity in the continuous mode for 3 minutes. The ultrasound treatment was done in the left and right ankles for 2 weeks. Clinical, radiographic and histopathologic findings were then evaluated before and after treatment and yielded the following results. 1. No significant difference was present in body weight between the control group and the treated groups. 2. A statistically significant decrease in the edema of the paw was seen in the rats in Group A that was treated with pulsed ultrasound by 26~29 days after the treatment started (p<.05). 3. According to radiological examination, Group A showed the lowest score in arthritis scale which means it showed a tendency to suppress arthritic inflammation of the left and right hind paws. However, no statistically significant difference was present in the score between the control group, Group A and Group B. 4. According to histopathologic findings, the degree of infiltration by inflammatory cells and hypertrophy of the synovium were less in Group A compared with the control group and Group B. The results of the study show that rats that were treated with the pulsed ultrasound effectively suppressed adjuvant arthritis. However, more effort is needed to objectively prove the effectiveness of ultrasound by developing more sensitive testing methods that could quantitatively evaluate the treatment effects of acute rheumatoid arthritis and by trying out different ultrasound treatment methods.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.226-241
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to find out the causal perception of rheumatoid arthritis patients, and to understand the typology. The Q-population consisted of 236 statements of causal perception were collected. Thirty eight Q-samples of causal perception were selected. The P-sample for this study were made up of 28 first visiting female rheumatoid arthritis patients from a rheumatoid arthritis specialty hospital. Each respondent responded Q-set of causal perception according to 9-point scale. The result of Q-sorting were coded and analyzed using QUANL PC program. 1) Typological Observation on Causal Perception (1) Physical Fatigue Type : Type 1 perceived that the illness occurred due to excessive work requiring physical labor or strain that had occurred from not resting after excessive physical labor, therefore, thinking the origin of the illness was from physical strain. (2) Physical origin Type : Type 2 perceived that the major cause for the illness is not only excessive physical labour but also fecundity and old age. (3) Causality to Environment Type : Type 3 perceived that rheumatoid arthritis occurred from injury to the joints or bad and humid weather. (4) Conscience of Guilty Type : Type 4 consisted of people with guilty conscience for lack of religious commitment. They perceived that the illness was a punishment from God for not praying or because of bad luck. (5) Rationally Perceiving Type : People who belong in type 5 perceived the cause of illness in light of scientific facts such as genetics, unbalanced diet or lack of exercise. (6) Psychological Stress Type : People who belong in type 6 believed that excessive stress was the cause of the illness. 2) Emotions of Rheumatoid arthritis patients Rheumatoid arthritis patients' positive emotions included determination, courage, coping, acceptance, hope, and adoption ; and their negative emotions were prostration, worry, stupor, conflicts, grievance, giving-up, resignation, depression, loss, solitariness, fear, anxiety, avoidance, anger and loneliness. Rheumatoid arthritis patients experience different level of emotions from their suffering experience from the severe pains. Rheumatoid arthritis patients also experience negative emotions when they could not perform self-care and lose their self-esteem from painful suffering ; however, they regain positive emotions when they recover from pain with the use of drugs, physical therapy or exercise. Their emotional states are closely connected to level of and presence of pain.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.12
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• pp.444-449
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• 2019

Background: Sixty percent of infants with severe neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy die, while most survivors have permanent disabilities. Treatment for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is limited to therapeutic hypothermia, but it does not offer complete protection. Here, we investigated whether hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) promotes cell survival and suggested neuroprotective strategies. Purpose: HIF-1α deficient mice have increased brain injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI), and the role of HIF-2α in HI is not well characterized. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD)1 overexpression is not beneficial in neonatal HI. The expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α was measured in SOD1 overexpressing mice and compared to wild-type littermates to see if alteration in expression explains this lack of benefit. Methods: On postnatal day 9, C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to HI, and protein expression was measured by western blotting in the ipsilateral cortex of wild-type and SOD1 overexpressing mice to quantify HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Spectrin expression was also measured to characterize the mechanism of cell death. Results: HIF-1α protein expression did not significantly change after HI injury in the SOD1 overexpressing or wild-type mouse cortex. However, HIF-2α protein expression increased 30 minutes after HI injury in the wild-type and SOD1 overexpressing mouse cortex and decreased to baseline value at 24 hours after HI injury. Spectrin 145/150 expression did not significantly change after HI injury in the SOD1 overexpressing or wild-type mouse cortex. However, spectrin 120 expression increased in both wild-type and SOD1 overexpressing mouse at 4 hours after HI, which decreased by 24 hours, indicating a greater role of apoptotic cell death. Conclusion: HIF-1α and HIF-2α may promote cell survival in neonatal HI in a cell-specific and regional fashion. Our findings suggest that early HIF-2α upregulation precedes apoptotic cell death and limits necrotic cell death. However, the influence of SOD was not clarified; it remains an intriguing factor in neonatal HI.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 1994

In order to know the species and frequency of human parasitic infection diagnosed by biopsy, 149 cases (0.18%) of parasitic infection were reviewed, which were selected from 80,947 biopsied materials submitted for routine histopathological examination during a period of 10 years from 1980 to 1989 at Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hospital. They consisted of 112 cases of cysticercosis, 17 paragonimiasis, 7 clonorchiasis, 4 amebiasis, 1 sparganosis, 1 enterobiasis, 1 anisakiasis, and 1 fascioliasis respectively Based on morphological preservation of cysticercus, they could be divided into mild (20.2%), moderate (40.4%), and severe (39.4%) degeneration. Except 2 cases biopsied at the lungs, 15 cases of ectopic paragonimiasis were located at abdominal cavity (8 cases) and central nervous system (7 cases). One case of intrahepatic fascioliasis was observed. This is the 13th human fasciollasis reported in Korea. From the above results, the frequency of parasitic infections found in biopsied specimens was on the decrease as the year passed by, but biopsy is very useful diagnostic method on tissue parasites such as cystlcercosis and ectopic paragonimiasis.