• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.65 no.5
• /
• pp.327-332
• /
• 2021

Shiranuhi is a fruit of Citrus species widely cultivated in Jeju Island, Korea. From an extract of Shiranuhi tree branches were identified five polymethoxyflavones possessing anti-inflammatory effects; nobiletin (1), sinensetin (2), tetramethylscutellarein (3), 6-hydroxy-5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (4) and 5-desmethylsinensetin (5). Evaluation of the activities was conducted by monitoring the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) as well as the levels of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Among the isolates, the compound 4 exhibited the most significant NO inhibition, and suppressed the levels of iNOS and related cytokines. Therefore, it was suggested that the extract and constituents from Shiranuhi tree branches could be useful as anti-inflammatory ingredient.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.641-659
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The skin is the outermost organ of the human body and plays a protective role against external environmental damages, such as sunlight and pollution, which affect anti-oxidant defenses and skin inflammation, resulting in erythema or skin reddening, immunosuppression, and epidermal DNA damage. MATERIALS/METHODS: The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of red orange complex H extract (ROC) against ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin photoaging in Skh:HR-2 mice. ROC was orally administered at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks, along with UV irradiation of the mice for 10 weeks. RESULTS: ROC improved UV-induced skin barrier parameters, including erythema, melanin production, transepidermal water loss, elasticity, and wrinkle formation. Notably, ROC inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α) and melanogenesis. In addition, ROC recovered the UV-induced decrease in the hyaluronic acid and collagen levels by enhancing genes expression. Furthermore, ROC significantly downregulated the protein and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases responsible for collagen degradation. These protective effects of ROC against photoaging are associated with the suppression of UV-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and activator protein 1 activation. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, our findings suggest that the oral administration of ROC exerts potential protective activities against photoaging in UV-irradiated hairless mice.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.220-228
• /
• 2022

Pollen is a vector for viral transmission. Pollenmediated viruses cause serious economic losses in the fruit industry. Despite the commercial importance of pollen-associated viruses, the diversity of such viruses is yet to be fully explored. In this study, we performed metatranscriptomic analyses using RNA sequencing to investigate the viral diversity in imported apple and kiwifruit pollen. We identified 665 virus-associated contigs, which corresponded to four different virus species. We identified one virus, the apple stem grooving virus, from pear pollen and three viruses, including citrus leaf blotch virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and lychnis mottle virus in kiwifruit pollen. The assembled viral genome sequences were analyzed to determine phylogenetic relationships. These findings will expand our knowledge of the virosphere in fruit pollen and lead to appropriate management of international pollen trade. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of pollen-associated viruses in fruit trees should be further investigated.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.21 no.1 s.96
• /
• pp.72-78
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidative effects of mycelium cultural extract from mushroom. Mushroom mycelium was grown in a defined synthetic liquid medium and citrus extracts, and the culture extracts were examined for antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Myceliums of Phellinus linteus, Cordyceps militaris, Coriolus versicolor, Sparassic crispa, Agaricus blazei, lnonotus obliquus, Lentinus edodes, Hericium erinacium, Gonoderma lucidium in 10% citrus extract supplemented medium and synthesis medium were incubated in a shaking incubator (120 rpm, $24{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ ) for $7{\sim}15$ days. The antimicrobial activity of the culture fluid of mushroom mycelium grown in submerged liquid culture was tested against 12 microorganisms which were fish pathogens and common bacterial species. The culture extracts showed high activity against Vibrio sp. and had poor effect on Streptocouus sp., S. parauberis, S. iniae. The culture extracts obtained from the synthetic medium showed $30{\sim}93%$ of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenger activity, the culture extracts obtained from the citrus extracts medium exhibited antioxidant activity up to 55%.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.30 no.12
• /
• pp.1927-1936
• /
• 2020

Tunicates are known to contain biologically active materials and one species in particular, the sea peach (Halocynthia aurantium), has not been thoroughly studied. In this study we aimed to analyze the fatty acids profile of the H. aurantium body wall and its immunomodulatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. The fatty acids were classified into three categories: saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Omega-3 fatty acid content, including EPA and DHA, was higher than omega-6 fatty acids. H. aurantium body wall fatty acids exhibited enhanced immune response and anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells. Under normal conditions, fatty acids significantly increase nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 production in a dose-dependent manner, thereby improving the immune response. On the other hand, in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells, fatty acids significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 production in a dose-dependent manner, thereby enhancing anti-inflammatory effects. Fatty acids transcriptionally control the expression of the immune-associated genes, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and TNF-α, via the MAPK and NF-κB signaling cascades in RAW264.7 cells. However, in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, H. aurantium body wall fatty acids significantly inhibited expression of inflammatory cytokine; similarly, production of COX-2 and PGE2 was inhibited. The results of our present study provide insight into the immune-improving and anti-inflammatory effects of H. aurantium body wall fatty acids on macrophages. In addition, our study demonstrates that H. aurantium body wall is a potential source of immune regulatory components.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.394-405
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to confirm the usefulness of essential oil components in yuzu and kumquat cultivated in Korea for comparison with those in lemon and lime. The volatile flavor compounds in citrus fruits (yuzu, kumquat, lemon and lime) were extracted for 3 h with 100 mL redistilled n-pentane/diethylether (1:1, v/v) mixture, using a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction apparatus (SDE). The volatile flavor compositions of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The aroma compounds analyzed were 104 (3,713.02 mg/kg) in yuzu, 87 (621.71 mg/kg) in kumquat 103 (3,024.69 mg/kg) in lemon and 106 (2,209.16 mg/kg) in lime. Limonene was a major volatile flavor compound in four citrus fruits. The peak area of limonene was 35.03% in yuzu, 63.82% in kumquat, 40.35% in lemon, and 25.06% in lime. In addition to limonene, the major volatile flavor compounds were ${\gamma}$-terpinene, linalool, ${\beta}$-myrcene, (E)-${\beta}$-farnesene, ${\alpha}$-pinene and ${\beta}$-pinene in yuzu, and ${\beta}$-myrcene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, (Z)-limonene oxide, (E)-limonene oxide, geranyl acetate and limonen-10-yl acetate in kumquat. Furthermore, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-myrcene, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate and (Z)-${\beta}$-bisabolene in lemon and ${\gamma}$-terpinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, (Z)-${\beta}$-bisabolene, neral, geranial and neryl acetate in lime were also detected. As a result, it was confirmed that the composition of volatile flavor compounds in four citrus fruits was different. Also, yuzu and kumquat are judged to be worthy of use alternatives for lemon and lime widely used in the fragrance industry.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.533-537
• /
• 2011

The aim of this study was to develop a new natural preservative system to improve the weak points of natural polyhydric alcohols together with the efficiency of natural plants as a preservative. Polyhydric alcohols (glyceryl caprylate and ethylhexylglycerin) and antimicrobial plants (S. radix, A. nilotica and C. reticulata) were tested using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method for their antimicrobial activity against the common poultry pathogens, respectively. A study of the preservative efficacy of the cosmetic formulations containing the optimized preservative system demonstrated sufficient preservative efficacy against bacteria and eukaryotic test microbes. These results suggest that the natural preservative system including polyhydric alcohol extracts containing natural plants could be incorporated in cosmetic formulations.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.208-211
• /
• 2011

Limonoids are abundant as bitter taste in citrus fruit and other plants. Interestingly. limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase (LUGT) effectively ameliorates the bitterness from limonoid. The high level of LUGT expression in Escherichia coli can result in the formation of insoluble aggregates known as inclusion bodies. We isolated the soluble LUGT protein when this inclusion body was renaturated with ${\beta}$-cyclidextrin treatment after protein denaturation by urea. Our present results suggest that the isolation of LUGT from inclusion body in cells leads to shed light to characterize the enzyme for food industry purposes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.9
• /
• pp.1476-1485
• /
• 2004

Of solvent-extracts prepared from the 90 kinds of Korean traditional tea and rice gruel plants, cold-water extract from peels of Citrus unshiu (CUI-0) showed the most potent intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer’s patch whereas other extracts did not have the activity except for cold-water extracts of Laminaria japonica, Polygonatum japonicum, Poncirus trifoliata, and hot-water extracts of Gardenia jasminoides, Lycium chinense having intermediate activity. CUI-0 was further fractionated into MeOH-soluble fraction (CUI-1), MeOH insoluble and EtOH-soluble fraction (CUI-2), and crude polysaccharide fraction (CUI-3). Among these fractions, CUI-3 showed the most potent stimulating activity for the proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer’s patch cells, and contained arabinose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid and rhamnose (molar ratio; 1.00:0.53:0.45:0.28:0.28:0.19) as the major sugars, and a small quantity of protein (9.4%). In treatments of CUI-3 with pronase and periodate (NaIO₄), the intestinal immune system modulating activity of CUI-3 was significantly reduced, and the activity of CUI-3 was affected by periodate oxidation particularly. The potently active carbohydrate-rich fraction, CUI-3IIb-3-2 was further purified by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose FF, Sepharose CL-6B and Sephacryl S-200. CUI-3IIb-3-2 was eluted as a single peak on HPLC and its molecular weight was estimated to be 18,000 Da. CUI-3IIb-3-2 was consisted mainly of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid (molar ratio;1.00:0.54:0.28:1.45:0.63) in addition to a small amount of proteins (3.2%). In addition, CUI-3IIb-3-2 showed the activity only through Peyer’s patch cells, but this fraction did not directly stimulate proliferation of bone marrow cells. It may be concluded that intestinal immune system modulating activity of peels from C. unshiu is caused by pectic polysaccharides having a polygalacturonan moiety with neutral sugars such as arabinose and galactose.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 2015

Four varieties of the Korean sweet potato, Yeonmi, Jeungmi, Shincheonmi, and Shinyeulmi, were chosen to prepare the distilled koguma-soju (sweet potato-soju). The relationship between the flavor of the koguma-soju and the content of monoterpene alcohols (MTAs) was studied. The MTAs investigated here were linalool, nerol, geraniol, citronellol, and ${\alpha}$-terpineol. The ranges of MTA concentrations in the koguma-soju made from the four sweet potato varieties were $14.0-16.6{\mu}g/L$ for nerol, $24.8-34.7{\mu}g/L$ for linalool, $32.8-38.5{\mu}g/L$ for geraniol, $37.8-54.2{\mu}g/L$ for citronellol, and $76.6-94.7{\mu}g/L$ for ${\alpha}$-terpineol. Geraniol, nerol, and linalool were found in lower concentrations, while ${\alpha}$-terpineol was present in a higher concentration compared to their average content in the imo-shochu, a distilled Japanese sweet potato-soju. The concentrations of citronellol in the koguma-soju and imo-shochu were similar. The flavor evaluation tests revealed that the koguma-soju produced from the Yeonmi variety had a leafy vegetable or a grass-like, sharp flavor, whereas the Jeungmi-soju was characterized by a fruity or a sulfur-like sharp taste. Floral, vanilla-like, and mild flavors were predominant in the Shincheonmi-soju, while the Shinyeulmi-soju had either a fruity, citrus-like flavor or a rubber-like, rough taste. This study demonstrates that koguma-soju made from different sweet potato varieties have unique characteristic flavors.