• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.136-140
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• 1976

To investigate the preservability of Tongil, three types(rough, brown and milled rice) of Tongil and the common variety (being composed of typical varieties) in Korea were stored at a ambient and a low temperature $(15^{\circ}C)$ warehouse from April to October of each year for three years (1972-1974). The results obtained are described as follows; 1) Temperatures of atmosphere and the natural temperature warehouse changed in the same way. 2) Similar changes of relative humidity were observed in atmosphere and both warehouses. 3) Equilibrium moisture content of Tongil at $25^{\circ}C$ was 0.55 % lower in rough and brown rice. 0.33% lower in milled rice than each type of the common variety. 4) Weight loss rate in the natural temperature storage and in the low temperature storage was 1.35% and 0.74% after 6 month storage. 5) The change of fat acidity in browe rice was greater than any others (rough and milled rice). 6) Hardness of Tongil was 1.64kg higher than that of the common variety. 7) Germination rate was about the same during the low temperature storage, but that of brown of the natural temperature storage was abruptly decreased to $23%{\sim}37%$ after August. As a result, it is possible Tongil is applicable to the long-term storage of rice due to Tongil's superior preservability.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.467-471
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the bactericidal activity of weakly alkalic electrolyzed water (WEW) against Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus on perilla leaves. The influences of organic matter, inform of bovine serum, and the ratio of WEW to perilla leaves on bactericidal activity of WEW were also examined. Treatment of these organisms with 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm WEW was performed for 1 min, 3 min and 5 min, respectively. Higher bactericidal activity was observed after a treatment with 100 ppm WEW compared to a treatment with 25 ppm WEW by 0.7 $log_{10}CFU/g$. The bactericidal activity of WEW also decreased with increasing bovine serum concentration. At the ratio of 10:1 (WEW: perilla leave), levels of Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus were only reduced by 0.57 and 0.79 $log_{10}CFU/g$, respectively. It is suggested that the removal of organic debris prior to application of sanitizers and treatment above the ratio of 25:1 (WEW: perilla leave) is needed in order to improve WEW activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.739-742
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• 2010

In order to select a superior yeast, 8 kinds of commercial active dry yeasts (Lalvin 1116, Lalvin 1118, Lalvin D-47, Lalvin Bourgovin, Parisienne, Fermivin, Red Star Monrachet, and Red Star Premier Cuvee) were utilized for omija wine fermentation. During fermentation, the physicochemical characteristics and sensory properties of the various omija wines were evaluated. According to the results, pH and titratable acidity were in ranges of 3.0-3.3% and 1.8-2.4%, respectively. Sugar content was $24^{\circ}Bx$ at early fermentation and changed to $8.4-10.2^{\circ}Bx$ at 24 days of fermentation. While the omija wines fermented by Lalvin D-47 and Red Star Premier Cuvee showed the highest alcohol contents (13.0%), the omija wine fermented by Parisienne showed the lowest alcohol content (10.8%). The omija wine fermented by Lalvin 1118 had an alcohol content of 12.0% and showed the lowest yeast count of 5.8 log CFU/mL. Hunter's values (L, a, and b) were all different among the 8 omija wines. Moreover, the omija wine fermented by Lalvin 1118 showed the highest scores for taste ($6.75{\pm}1.68$), swallowing ($6.65{\pm}1.50$), and overall acceptability ($6.70{\pm}1.34$). It is concluded that Lalvin 1118 was the best yeast among 8 tested commercial active dry yeasts, having a high potential for omija wine fermentation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.632-639
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• 2006

Here we examined the expression patterns and regulation of seven photosynthesis (PS) genes (puf, puc, puhA, bchC, bchE, bchF, and bchI) in the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, based on lacZ reporter gene assay. Expression of the tested PS genes, except puhA and bchI, were strongly induced in R. sphaeroides grown under anaerobic conditions relative to that under aerobic conditions. The puhA and bchI genes appear to form the operons together with bchFNBHLM-RSP0290 and crtA, respectively. Expression of the puf, puc, and bchCXYZ operons in R. sphaeroides grown photosynthetically was proportional to the incident light intensity, whereas that of bchFNBHLM(RSP0290-puhA) was inversely related to light intensity. Expression of bchEJG was lowest under medium-light photosynthetic conditions $(10\;W/m^2)$ and highest under high light conditions $(100\;W/m^2)$. The regulation of PS genes by the three major regulatory systems involved in oxygen- and light-sensing in R. sphaeroides is as following: puf and bchC are regulated by both the PpsR repressor and the PrrBA two-component system. The puc operon is under control of PpsR, FnrL, and PrrBA system. Expression of bchE is controlled by FnrL and PrrBA two-component system, whereas bchF is regulated exclusively by PpsR. It was demonstrated that the PpsR repressor is responsible for high-light repression of bchF and that FnrL might be involved in perceiving the cellular redox state in addition to sensing $O_2$ itself.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-65
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• 2000

The meridian, the meridian point and the Acupuncture-Bu-Xie(鍼灸補瀉) of oriental medicine are very important in the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Until now it has been confused at the practical use, and it showed up many transformation to the ages and many scholars. And then, I made a study of effects on the thermal changes of Sangyang($LI_1$,商陽), Igan($LI_2$,二間), Samgan($LI_3$,三間), Hapkok($LI_4$,合谷), Yanggye($LI_5$,陽谿), Kokchi($LI_{11}$,曲池), Yonghyang($LI_{20}$,迎香) following acupuncture on the Hapkok with the Rotated Acupuncture-Bu-Xie(捻轉補瀉) stimulation. This study researched into clinical statistics for 140 men who are in good health, and they are studying oriental medicine at Woosuk university in Korea. This study was covered a period of 3 months form June, 1999 to August, 1999. The objective was divided into seven groups, those are the control group(CON, N=20), the acupuncture stimulation group with non-rotation on Hapkok of left hand(A-I, N=20), the acupuncture stimulation group with non-rotation on non-meridian point(NA) of left hand(A-II, N=20), the acupuncture stimulation group with Bu-rotation(捻轉補法) on Hapkok of left hand(B-I, N=20), the acupuncture stimulation group with Bu-rotation on non-meridian point(NA) of left hand(B-II, N=20), the acupuncture stimulation group with Xie-rotation(捻轉瀉法) on Hapkok of left hand(C-I, N=20), and the acupuncture stimulation group with Xie-rotation on non-meridian point of left hand(C-II, N=20). The first, I took a picture for 140 men with the Digital infrared thermal image(D.I.T.I.). After 10 minutes, I took a second picture for each group following experimental methods, those were followed acupuncture on the Hapkok and the non-meridian point with the retentive and Rotated Acupuncture-Bu-Xie stimulation. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The thermal changes of the area which is a meridian point in the Large Intestine Meridian of the acupuncture stimulation group on Hapkok different from the control groups with significantly change. 2.The thermal changes of the area which is a meridian point in the Large Intestine Meridian of acupuncture stimulation groups on non-meridian point was not significantly different from the control group. 3. The thermal changes of the area which is a meridian point in the Large Intestine Meridian of the acupuncture stimulation group with Bu-rotation on Hapkok different from the control group with significant increase. 4. The thermal changes of the area which is a meridian point in the Large Intestine Meridian of acupuncture stimulation group with Bu-rotation on non-meridian point was not significantly different from the control group. 5. The thermal changes of the area which is a meridian point in the Large Intestine Meridian of the acupuncture stimulation group with Xie-rotation on Hapkok different from the control group with significant decrease and increase following the decreasing or increasing temperature class, and the increasing temperature class of the acupuncture stimulation group with Xie-rotation on Hapkok significantly different from the acupuncture stimulation group with Bu-rotation on Hapkok. 6. The thermal changes of the area which is a meridian point in the Large Intestine Meridian of acupuncture stimulation group with Xie-rotation on non-meridian point was not significantly different from the control group. As a conclusion, I could think that the acupuncture stimulation with Bu-rotation or Xie-rotation on Hapkok affected the thermal change of the area which is a meridian point in the Large Intestine Meridian. And then I could relate these results with the existence of the meridian and meridian point, and with the Rotated Acupuncture-Bu-Xie theory of oriental medicine.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.663-672
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• 2016

The Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson is an annual plant distributed in China and Korea. The fruit of C. monnieri is used as a medicinal herb that is effective for the treatment of carbuncle and pain in female genitalia. However, the anti-cancer effects of CME have not yet been reported. In this study, we assessed the apoptotic effects and cell cycle arrest effects of ethanol extracts from C. monnieri on HCT116 colon cancer cells. The results of an MTT assay and LDH assay demonstrated a decrease in cell viability and the cytotoxic effects of CME. In addition, the number of apoptotic body and the apoptotic rate were increased in a dose-dependent manner through Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V-PI double staining. In addition, cell cycle arrest occurred at the G1 phase by CME. Protein kinase B (Akt) plays an important role in cancer cell survival, growth, and division. Akt down-regulates apoptosis-mediated proteins, such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p53, and Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). CME could regulate the expression levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-GSK-3β, Bcl-2 family members, caspase-3, and PARP. Furthermore, treatment with CME, LY294002 (PI3K/Akt inhibitor), BIO (GSK-3β inhibitor), and Rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) showed that apoptotic effects occurred through the regulation of the AKT/mTOR/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Our results demonstrated CME could induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HCT116 colon cancer cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1214-1218
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• 2011

We investigated the fruits of Rubus crataegifolius Bge, a plant which has been traditionally used in Korea in phytotherapy, to describe antioxidant materials from plant sources. R. crataegifolius fruits were extracted with methanol and further fractionated into n-hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activity of each fraction and the residue was assessed using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), $H_2O_2$ radical scavenging method, and their cytotoxicity on human primary kerationcyte (HK) was determined by an MTS assay. The R. crataegifolius fruit methanol extract showed strong antioxidant activity (75.04%, 50%) compared with vitamin C (79.9%, 54.1%) by the DPPH, and $H_2O_2$ method, respectively. The measured activity from the subsequent extracts of the methanol extract were 20.3% for n-hexane fraction (HF), 68.8% for diethyl ether fraction (DF), 67.1% for ethyl acetate fraction (EF), and 67.1% for the residue fraction (RE) by DPPH and 2.2% for HF, 1.6% for DF, 10% for EF, and 50% for the RE by $H_2O_2$ assay. An oxidative stress model of HK was established under a suitable concentration (1 mM). The cell viability of the RE treated group increased and the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased at concentrations of 0.005-0.02% RE compared with the $H_2O_2$ treated group. Fruit extracts of the medicinal plant R. crataegifolius showed potent antioxidant activity and the ability to relieve cell damage from $H_2O_2$ induced injury to HK.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.146-154
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• 2011

In this study, physiological changes in a thermotolerant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377 cell exposed to 48-hour alcohol fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$ were investigated. After 12 hours of alcohol fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$, the $C_{16:1}$ unsaturated acid of plasma membrane increased to 1.5 times more than the $C_{16:0}$ saturated fatty acid, and to about 2 times more for the $C_{18:1}$ unsaturated fatty acid. Fermentation at both $30^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ fermentation showed the same pattern as that done at $40^{\circ}C$. The pH of the alcohol-fermentation medium was reduced to pH 4.1 from a starting pH of 6.0 through the 12-hr fermentation and then maintained this level during the continuing fermentation. With the process of fermentation, the remaining glucose was reduced, but its amount remaining during the $40^{\circ}C$-fermentation was less reduced than those fermented at $30^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$. In the study investigating the changing pattern of cellular proteins in the alcohol-fermenting cells, the SDS-PAGE and 2-D data indicated the most expressed dot was phosphoglycerate kinase, which is one enzyme involved in glycolysis. Why this enzyme was most expressed in the cells exposed to unfavorable conditions such as high temperature, increasing concentration of produced alcohol and long time exposure to other stress factors remains unsolved.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1251-1258
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• 2011

Multiparous Hanwoo cull cows have been generally regarded to have poor meat quality compared to young and primiparous Hanwoo in Korea, and there have been few studies attempting to understand various feeding programs for the multiparous Hanwoo cull cow. In this study, the effects of a feeding program consisting of two different diets for multiparous Hanwoo cull cows on meat production and quality were tested in comparison to a commercially used diet. Diets for treatment consisted of two levels of crude protein contents, 14.28% and 12.70% for early fattening and finishing, respectively. For a control, commercially used fattening feed (12.39% crude protein) was used. Feeding trials were performed at three different farms. In farm A, 29 herds of multiparous Hanwoo cull cows were used for the treatment group and 3 herds for the control. In farms B and C, the number of animal herds for treatment and control were 8 vs. 3 and 11 vs. 4 herds, respectively. Experiment diets were fed for an average of 211 days and in treatment, early fattening diet was fed for 4 months and then finishing feed was fed until slaughter. Average daily gains, thickness of back fat, area of Longissimus dorsi, carcass weight, index of carcass weight, intramuscular fat, meat color and texture were analyzed after slaughter. Random effect model [8] was employed in effect analysis. Positive effects of treatment were found in terms of average daily gain, back fat thickness, Longissimus dorsi area, carcass weight, and intramuscular fat. Carcass yield index, meat color and texture showed a negative effect. In this study, significant results were not found in all factors analyzed because the variance between experiment farms was large, however the 90% confidence interval of summary effects of ADG, back fat thickness, Longissimus dorsi area and carcass weight were significant and that of carcass yield index, intramuscular fat, meat color and texture were less so. Conclusively, a high protein diet fed early during the fattening period in multiparous Hanwoo cull cows could have positive effects on meat production.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.983-993
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• 2009

The effects of Monascus-fermented Korean red ginseng (MFRG) on the contents of serum lipids and tissues lipid peroxidation was investigated in alcohol feeding rats (AC group). Serum contents of total lipid and free fatty acid in alcohol feeding rats were significantly increased, but these increases tended to decrease in the AMFRG group. Serum triglyceride content was also significantly decreased in the AMFRG group compared to other groups. Serum content of total-cholesterol was significantly increased in AC group compared to normal control (NC) group, whereas there was no significant difference between the AC and AMFRG groups. Content of HDL-cholesterol in serum was slightly increased in the AC group compared to the NC group, but this increase in the AC group was more significantly increased in the AMFRG group. At the same time, atherogenic index (AI) was also significantly decreased in the AMFRG group compared to the AC group. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver, heart, spleen and testes were significantly increased in the AC group compared to the NC group, but these increases were significantly less in the AMFRG group. Contents of liver nonheme ion was increased in the AC group and was significantly decreased in the AMFRG group, which suggested that lipid peroxidation contents are inversely correlated with liver nonheme ion content. Hepatic glutathione concentration was significantly decreased in the AC group, but this content was significantly increased in the AMFRG group and it showed the antioxidant abilities of glutathione. These results suggested that Monascus-fermented Korea red ginseng has anti-atherogenic index (AI) effects as well as antioxidative activities through reduced tissue oxidative stress in alcohol feeding rats.