• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.264-269
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• 2014

Background: In this study, we examined the effects of various enzymes on chemical conversions of ginsenosides in ginseng extract prepared by amylases. Methods: Rapidase, Econase CE, Viscozyme, Ultraflo L, and Cytolase PCL5 were used for secondary enzymatic hydrolysis after amylase treatment of ginseng extract, and ginsenoside contents, skin permeability, and chemical compositions including total sugar, acidic polysaccharide, and polyphenols were determined on the hydrolyzed ginseng extract. Results: Rapidase treatment significantly elevated total ginsenoside contents compared with the control (p < 0.05). In particular, deglycosylated ginsenosides including Rg3, which are known as bioactive compounds, were significantly increased after Rapidase treatment (p < 0.05). The Rapidase-treated group also increased the skin permeability of polyphenols compared with the control, showing the highest level of total sugar content among the enzyme treatment groups. Conclusion: This result showed that Rapidase induced the conversion of ginsenoside glycosides to aglycones. Meanwhile, Cytolase PCL5 and Econase treatments led to a significant increase of uronic acid (acidic polysaccharide) level. Taken together, our data showed that the treatments of enzymes including Rapidase are useful for the conversion and increase of ginsenosides in ginseng extracts or products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.1 s.53
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

Photosynthetic rates and leaf bleaching were measured under light of far-red, red, orange, green, blue and white in order to clarify the effect of light qualities on photosynthesis in Panax species, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium. Photosynthetic rate of P. ginseng and P. quinquifolium showed higher in the order under the light of red > orange > blue > white > green. Degree of leaf bleaching in P. quinquifolium showed severer in the order under the light of far-red > red > white > blue > orange > green. These suggest that shading material with blue or orange color is good for ginseng growth. As for the effect of temperature, the photosynthesis was increased with increasing temperature untill $25^{\circ}C$ and thereafter decreased. Therefore, it was clarified that the optimum temperature for photosynthesis of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium was $25^{\circ}C$. And the dark respiration rate of ginseng leaf also increased with increasing air temperature. Especially, the dark respiration rate increased by $80\%$ for P. ginseng and by $73\%$ for P.quinquefolium at above $30^{\circ}C$ as compared with $25^{\circ}C$. In general, the photosynthesis rate was higher in P. quinquifolium than in P. ginseng and ranged from 3.54 to 4.04 mg $(CO_2{\cdot}dm^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1})$ for P. quinquefolium and from 2.08 to 2.59 mg$(CO_2{\cdot}dm^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1})$ for P. ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

To evaluate the antiatopic effect of Korea red ginseng (RG, steamed root of Panax ginseng CA Meyer, Family Araliaceae) fermented by Bifidobacterium longum H-1 (FRG), its inhibitory effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction and itching in mice was measured. FRG and its ingredient saponin fraction (FSF) potently inhibited PCA reaction and scratching behaviors. FRG at a dose of 200 mg/kg and FSF at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly inhibited the scratching frequency by 45% and 47%, respectively. FRG and FSF also inhibited the degranulation and protein expression of tumor-necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ and interleukin-4 of RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE-complex. However, polysaccharide fraction of FRG (FPF) weakly inhibited it, compared with FSF. The inhibitory effect of FRG against PCA reaction and scratching behaviors more potently inhibited than that of RG. Based on these findings, FRG can improve allergic skin disorders atopic dermatitis by the regulation of $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-4 produced by mast cells and basophils and its degranulation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.340.2-340.2
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• 2007

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• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.108-116
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• 2013

For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG ($19.14{\pm}0.50$ mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG, $11.31{\pm}1.15$ mg/g). The antioxidant activities in FRG, such as 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in NFRG. The HPLC analysis results showed that the FRG had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in NFRG and FRG were $41.65{\pm}1.53$ mg/g and $50.12{\pm}1.43$ mg/g, respectively. However, FRG had a significantly higher content ($33.90{\pm}0.97$ mg/g) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared with NFRG ($14.75{\pm}0.46$ mg/g). The skin permeability of FRG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cell models. In particular, after 3 h, the skin permeability of FRG was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of NFRG. Using a rat everted intestinal sac model, FRG showed a high transport level compared with NFRG after 1 h. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared with NFRG as indicated by skin permeation and intestinal permeability. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.366-370
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• 1996

Gamma irradiation was applied to red ginseng powder for improving its hygienic quality 7.5 kGy of gamma irradiation completely eliminated the microorganisms contaminated in red ginseng powder. And there was no growth of microorganisms after six months of storage at room temperature. The molds isolated from red ginseng powder were identified as Pen. commune, Asp. niger, Asp. versicolor and Asp. Unguis, the conidia of which showed the decimal reduction dose ($D_{10}$ value) of 0.37-0.50 kGy, 0.24-0.31 kGy, 0.25-0.36 kGy and 0.28-0.41 kGy and inactivation factor of 5.0-6.5, 7.4-9.3, 6.5-9.1 and 6.1-8.4, respectively The radiosensitivity of identified molds' conidia decreased in medium containing red ginseng extract.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2015

This study is designed to investigate the protective effects of fermented Red Ginseng (FRG) against photoaging in vitro and in vivo. UVB was irradiated to the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell and dorsal skin of SKH-1 mice for the induction of photoaging. After treatment of non-fermented red ginseng (NRG), fermented red ginseng (FRG), and fortified fermented red ginseng (FFRG) to the UVB irradiated HaCaT cell, ROS production and activity of MMP-9 were examined by DCFC-DA assay and gelatin zymographic assay respectively. UVB irradiated SKH-1 mice were treated with NRG, FRG, and FFRG via oral(300 mg/Kg B.W./day) and topical($100{\mu}{\ell}/mouse/day$) route.All of NRG, FRG, and FFRG had significantly reduced the intracellular ROS production elicited by UVB, among them FRG slightly more reduced the ROS production than NRG and FFRG. FFRG had slightly more reduced the MMP-9 activity in UVB irradiated HaCaT cells than NRG and FFRG in high dose. Oral and topical treatment of NRG, FRG, and FFRG had decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2, -3, and -9 in dorsal skin of UVB irradiated mice. Among them, inhibitory effect of FRG on the expression of MMP-2 was apparent. We speculate that FRG has therapeutic potentials on the UVB irradiated photoaging.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.89-92
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• 2010

In this study, we determined the glycemic index (GI) of an herbal preparation (Insu $100^{(R)}$; Korean red ginseng, carob, mulberry, and banaba). Ten subjects (men and women) took part in standard glycemic testing during a 4-week study period (with duplicate trials of each treatment). Informed consent was obtained from each subject. No adverse effects resulted from the administration of the herbal preparation. The GI of Insu $100^{(R)}$ was $19.5{\pm}5.1$, indicating that administration of this herbal cocktail may be beneficial to people with metabolic disorders and to those who wish to maintain their overall health. This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.509-513
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a new preparation process of ginseng extract using high concentrations of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, a special component in red ginseng. From when the ginseng saponin glycosides transformed into the prosapogenins chemically, they were analyzed using the HPLC method. The ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with several treatment conditions of an edible brewing vinegar. The results indicated that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ quantities increased over 4% at the pH 2-4 level of vinegar treatment. This occurred at temperatures above $R90^{\circ}C$, but not occurred at other pH and temperature condition. In addition, the ginseng and ginseng extract were processed with the twice-brewed vinegar (about 14% acidity). This produced about 1.5 times more ginsenoside $Rg_3$ than those processed with regular amounts of brewing vinegar (about 7% acidity) and persimmon vinegar (about 3% acidity). Though the white ginseng extract was processed with the brewing vinegar over four hr, there was no change for ginsenoside $Rg_3$. However, the VG8-7 was the highest amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (4.71%) in the white ginseng extract, which was processed with the twice-brewed vinegar for nine hr. These results indicate that ginseng treated with vinegar had 10 times the quantity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, compared to the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ in the generally commercial red ginseng, while ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was not found in raw and white ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.78-86
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• 2015

Objectives Although ginseng has been reported to protect neuronal cells and improve various cognitive functions, relationship between ginseng supplementation and response inhibition, one of the important cognitive domains has not been explored. In addition, effects of ginseng on in vivo human brain have not been investigated using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The purpose of the current study is to investigate changes in intrusion errors and white matter microstructure after Korean Red Ginseng supplementation using standardized neuropsychological tests and DTI. Methods Fifty-one healthy participants were randomly allocated to the Korean Red Ginseng (n = 26) or placebo (n = 25) groups for 8 weeks. The California Verbal Learning Test was used to assess the number of intrusion errors. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured with the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. The fractional anisotropy (FA) was measured from the brain DTI data. Results After the 8-week intervention, Korean Red Ginseng supplementation significantly reduced intrusion errors after adjusting age, sex, IQ, and baseline score of the intrusion errors (p for interaction = 0.005). Change in FA values in the left anterior corona radiata was greater in the Korean Red Ginseng group compared to the placebo group (t = 4.29, p = 0.04). Conclusions Korean Red Ginseng supplementation may be efficacious for improving response inhibition and white matter microstructure integrity in the prefrontal cortex.