• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.291-300
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• 2003

In metalcraft, there are two kind of skills, one is forming and the other is decoration. And we could discern these skills as metal casting and metal hammering.. In metal casting, there are sand mould, cire perdus, stone mould and sealed monld; In metal hammering, metal forging, repousse technique and metal sheet making. After make form, craftman can use the decoration skills. There are chasing hammering, line carving, dotted line engraving, hair line engraving, kicking line engraving, ring punched ground, inlay, filigee and granulation skills. In korean traditional copper alloy, the craftman used forming and decoration skills. In Korea, tradionally the clatter use bronze for copper alloy; in case of Japan, they use violet coloring, and in case of Chinese, they like to use bronze used copper alloy. In case of Alloy, korean craftman used bronze traditionally, but recently the copper alloy skill is usually used; in case of Japan shibuichi and shakudo skills are used; and in Chinese copper, brass and cupronikel alloy are used.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2010

Benzotriazole (B.T.A) which has been mainly used for the stabilization processing method of excavated copper and bronze artifacts is vaporized within 2~3 years after the usage because it is unstable at the acid conditions and cannot protect the surface of artifacts. In this study, NaOH method which has been used for the steel artifacts was applied as a stabilization process for the method of copper and bronze artifacts to gush chlorine ion out. For the reproduction of excavated samples, copper and bronze plates were dipped in 0.1M HCl for 26 hrs to form CuCl, rusted at $70^{\circ}C$ with RH 75% for the formation of corrosion products, and desalted in 0.1 M NaOH solution. The concentration of chlorine ion was measured by using ionchromatography. During the desalting process, a large quantity of chlorine ions was gushed out in early period and corrosion products were not additionally generated through the re-corrosion experiment. This NaOH desalting process was found to be a method of stabilization process for copper and bronze artifacts from the formation of Tenorite (CuO) during desalting as a protection layer for corrosion.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.309-313
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• 2008

To investigate the antibacterial activity of the traditional bronze alloy Yugi, the cultures of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157, Enterobacter sakazakii, and Bacillus cereus were exposed to the metal coupons of bronze, copper, tin, and stainless steel, and the sterilizing activities were analyzed. Antibacterial efficacy of copper coupon toward S. Typhimurium, E. coli, and E. sakazakii were the highest among them and those were followed by bronze, tin, and then stainless steel in the activity order. However, there was little sterilizing activity on Gram-positive B. cereus. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of cupric ion were 25 ppm for S. Typhimurium, E. coli, and E. sakazakii, and 50 ppm for B. cereus. Yugi bronze alloy showed more rigidity and practicality in comparison with copper, and has been used in Korea. Therefore, the bronze alloy may be more effective to reduce the cross-contamination of S. Typhimurium, E. coli, and E. sakazakii than stainless steel in food processing surface.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.19
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• pp.69-82
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• 2018

The gilt-bronze standing Buddha and bronze standing Buddha statues excavated from Yeongguksa Temple in Yeongdong, currently held in the collection of the Cheongju National Museum, underwent conservation treatment after scientific study. Materials analysis showed that the gilt-bronze statue was made with a ternary alloy of copper, tin, and lead, while the bronze statue is of a binary alloy of copper and tin. The analysis also revealed that the bronze statue contains gold, and it is therefore recommended to change its description to gilt-bronze standing Buddha. The gilt-bronze statue appears to have been made with lead produced in Korea. The material observed on the surface that is presumed to have been used as an adhesive for the gold coloring is thought to be lacquer. For conservation treatment, the statues were minimally cleaned using physical and chemical methods and were treated through consolidation and protective coating.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.155-170
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• 2011

This study intended to identify the ratio of alloy, metallographic examination and hardness on the bronze mirrors excavated in Korea and made the distribution chart of the main components according to each artifact and then tried to compare the ratio of artifacts with that of 鑑燧之齊of Zhouli Kaogongji(周禮, 考工記). Through this research, the components distribution of bronze covered a wide rage but it can be divided into 2~3 groups. When it is categorized into 3 groups, one is the bronze mirror with 70-80% of copper, 15-20% of tin and less than 5% of lead. Another is the bronze mirror with 20%-30% of tin which gives the white luster on metal and the high hardness. The other is the bronze mirror with 60-70% of copper and 15-20% of tin but it has more than 10-15% of lead which causes less luster and the low hardness. It contains less tin than 33%(50%) of tin from 鑑燧之齊 according to the old record Zhouli Kaogongji(周禮, 考工記) of Zhou Dynasty. In Korea the bronze mirror with tin of 鑑燧之齊was never found yet except the case of artifacts analyzed by non-destructive analysis.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1022-1026
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• 2009

Cross contamination of foodborne virus via food utensils can be an important route of virus propagation. Bacteriophage MS2 was used as a surrogate for norovirus. The viability loss of bacteriophage MS2 attached to 4 kinds of metal surfaces was investigated at different temperatures and relative humidities (RH). The rate of viability loss was higher at $22^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$ and was higher at 75% RH than at 40% RH. The viability loss of the virus attached to copper or bronze surface was faster than on stainless steel or tin surface. Also the beef juice applied with the virus inoculum on the metal surfaces lowered the rate of viability loss. Although bronze was not as effective as copper in resulting the viability loss, it has been extensively used as a traditional Korean kitchen utensil and could be used more widely to decrease the viral poisoning at food processing environment and hospitals.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.23
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• pp.1-16
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• 2020

In this paper, Gilt-bronze Standing Avaolkiteshvara (National Treasure No. 293, M355) excavated at Gyuam-ri in Buyeo was observed with a microscope to identify the production technique applied to it. It was also analyzed with XRF and hard X-ray to identify the composition and the surface treatment techniques and casting method applied. In this statue, Avalokiteshvara is standing upright on a lotus pedestal. The lotus designs on the pedestal and those on the shawl flowing down on both sides of the statue are characteristic of Buddhist statues from the seventh century or later. The use of supports to affix the outer and inner molds and traces of injected cast were observed in the interior of the pedestal. The blisters on the arms and pedestal created during the bronze casting indicate the use of lost-wax casting, which was popularly employed for the production of mid- or small-sized gilt-bronze Buddhist statues in ancient times. The composition analysis identified a copper-tin-lead ternary alloy in the interior of the statue that was conventional used in the sixth and seventh centuries. It is likely that this simple alloy was used to facilitate casting and produce clearer expressions of designs and ornaments on the statue. Mercury (Hg) was detected on the surface of the statue, indicating the use of amalgam-plating with gold (Au) dissolved in mercury. This plating method is a common surface treatment technique used for small gilt-bronze statutes in ancient Korea.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.271-281
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• 1988

Al-bronze has a good mechanical property, corrosion resistance and castability, so being highlighted for the new copper alloy. So, effects of alloy composition and cooling rate in the mechaincal properties and solidification behavior have been investigated. The results obtained are as follows; 1) Change in volume on solidification is larger in metal mold casting than in sand mold casting. And it decreases by the addition of Al. 2) The mechanical property in metal mold casting is superior to the one in sand mold casting, and the inclination is obvious up to 9% Al, after heat-treatment ($885^{\circ}C$, $1.5hrs\;{\rightarrow}\;W\;{\cdot}\;Q\;{\rightarrow}\;540^{\circ}C$, 3hrs) 3) By adding Al, the mechanical property is slightly increased up to 9% Al, Above 9% Al, it is increased rapidly, and is accelerated by adding Fe. 4) Cooling rate and hardness, and grain size and cooling rate are related as follows in the range of $1100^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$ pouring temperature. Grain size(${\mu}m$)=$929.6422{\times}cooling\;rate(^{\circ}C\;/\;sec)^{-0.51537}$ Hardness(BHN)=$765.45713{\times}grain\;size({\mu}m)^{-0.31058}$.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.146-159
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• 2024

In this study, a study on the production technology of the Buddha statue and the production of raw material origin was conducted through scientific analysis on the Bronze seated Bodhisattva Statue of Goseongsa Temple, a treasure. As a result of microstructure analysis through a metal microscope, it was confirmed that the microstructure of the Bronze seated Bodhisattva Statue of Goseongsa Temple was a process-type dendritic structure, and the casting structure of bronze was well represented, so it was manufactured through casting. Subsequently, as a result of analyzing the alloy composition ratio through SEM-EDS, it was identified as a ternary alloy with 81.26 wt% of copper (Cu) and 16.42 wt% of tin (Sn) and 1.72 wt% of lead (Pb). The results of the analysis of lead isotope ratios using a thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) were substituted into the distribution of lead isotope ratios on the Korean Peninsula, it was shown in corresponding to Jeolla-do and Chungcheong-do regions and North and South Gyeongsang Province. This suggests that the raw materials used in their production were likely sourced from the mines around Goseong Temple in Gangjin. Despite the fact that the statue is a medium and large Buddha with a total height of 51 centimeters, 1.72 wt% of lead (Pb) was found as a result of alloy composition ratio analysis, which showed a similar composition to the lead content ratio of small bronze and gilt-bronze Buddha statues. Therefore, we compared and analyzed the results of the analysis of the composition ratio of the alloys of bronze and gilt bronze statues, which has been scientifically analyzed with a compositional age similar to that of the Bronze seated Bodhisattva Statue of Goseongsa Temple. Comparison results, Various factors, such as the size of the Buddha statue as well as its stylistic characteristics and the age of composition, may exist in determining the alloy composition ratio of the bronze and gilt bronze Buddha statues, and it was confirmed that the alloy composition ratio or casting technology was properly adjusted when the Buddha statue was created. In other words, it is judged that a more comprehensive system of Buddha statue production technology should be investigated by conducting archaeological and art history studies on stylistic characteristics and age of composition, as well as scientific analysis results such as observation of internal structure, microstructure observation, and analysis of alloy composition ratio using radiation transmission irradiation.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.16
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• pp.32-45
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• 2015

The bronze incense burner, discovered in Chungung-dong, Hanam, Gyeonggi-do in 1971, is a hanging incense burner dating from the Goryeo period. The incense burner was covered with a thick layer of clay. The object was in a severely deteriorated state, affected by bronze disease which resulted in extensive corrosion. Numerous cracks were present across its surface, and some parts had been broken off. To preserve and display the bronze incense burner in a stable condition, deposits of foreign material were removed from the surface, and the weakened metal was strengthened. Cracked and broken areas were reinforced using woven glass fiber, followed by the application of epoxy resin to restore the shape. To investigate the method of production, a chemical analysis was performed, and the microstructure was examined. The chemical analysis revealed that the body of the incense burner as well as the ear, loop, lid and the knob were cast in a ternary alloy of Cu-Sn-Pb. Moreover, copper nails with high copper content were used to securely join the ear to the body of the incense burner. The microstructure was mainly α-phase, and non-intermetallic inclusions composed of Cu and S were detected.