• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.134-145
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• 2020

This study focused on the effects of Korean cosmetics selection attributes on Mongolian consumers' brand reliability and purchasing intentions. We are also to verify the relationship impacts between consumers brand reliability in advertising media and the purchase intention on the type of promotion. 255 questionnaires were collected for Mongolian consumers and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. The analysis shows that product price, image and quality that they have a positive effect on brand reliability, while familiarity has not had a meaningful impact on brand reliability. Moreover, brand reliability has been shown to have a positive effect on purchasing intention. As a result of the adjustment effect test according to advertising media, the relationship impacts between product selection attributes and brand reliability were shown positive effect in part. Finally, the type of sales promotion were found to have a controlling effect between brand reliability and purchasing intention. These results show applicable implications for Korean cosmetics companies in terms of marketing and operations when entering Mongolia's cosmetics industry.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.313-324
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• 2015

This study constructed a 3D geological model for Uggi Nuur Fe-Mn mineralization zone in Mongolia, and the 3D geological distribution is cross-analyzed with magnetic anomaly distribution to figure out relationship between ore zone and subsurface geology. As a result of 4 step 3D modeling procedures including geological cross section, surface modeling, foliation modeling and solid modeling, the geology of the both study area is bordered by faults in NW direction with Munguntessj formation being located in the west side of the fault while Yashill formation is located on the other side of the fault. Moreover, the strike direction of foliation in the both formation shows same directional pattern with the NW faults. The magnetic anomaly distribution reveals that higher anomaly values are concentrated to near the ground surface. The analyses of 3 dimensional distribution between subsurface geology and magnetic anomaly indicates that higher anomaly is mainly distributed over the Munguntessj formation as a elongated lens bodies whereas the magnetic anomaly is evenly found in the both of Munguntessj formation and Yashill formation in the study area 2. It infers that volcanic activities associated mineralization occurred during silurian period, and the mineralized zone is thought to be realigned along the geological structures caused by later stage tectonic activities.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2009

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most contagious disease of mammals. The use of inactivated vaccine can be chosen to prevent or control FMD. However, vaccination against one serotype of FMDV doses not cross-protect against other serotypes and may not protect fully against some strains of the same serotype. Appropriate selection of vaccine strain is an important element in the control of FMD. The immunity of vaccine antigens should be matched against newly circulating viruses. The phylogenetic analysis of serotype Asia1 reported from China, Mongolia, North Korea and Russia since 2005 shows that they are all classified into genetic group V, but the strain, Asia1/Shamir (ISR/89) which have been used as a vaccine strain in Korea, is clustered into different genetic group. So, in this study the serological relationship between the isolate (Asia1/MOG/05; MOG) and the Shamir strain was determined by ELISA and virus neutralization test. Even though the matching value of the virus (MOG) against the vaccinated sera in target animals was not so high, the vaccinated animals elicited antibodies enough for protection after vaccinated once or twice. Conclusively, we suggest that the vaccine containing Asia1/Shamir antigen could protect the genetic group V strains circulating in East Asia currently if vaccinated twice or the more.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.401-413
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• 2012

In this study, an investigation has been carried out to understand 1) temporal variation of rainfall amount in summer over south Korea during the 30-year period of 1979-2008 and 2) the relationship between the variation of rainfall amount and the change of large-scale monsoon circulation around 1993/1994 over East Asia. The analysis of rainfall amount is carried out separately for whole summer (June-August), climatological Changma period of 23 June-23 July, and August to consider variations within summer. To relate the variation of rainfall amount with the change of large-scale circulation, we have considered two 15-year periods of 1979-1993 and 1994-2008. This study has used observations at 58 stations in South Korea and NCEP-NCAR $2.5^{\circ}{\times}2.5^{\circ}$ reanalysis data. The major change in synoptic environment for the Changma period is characterized by the intensified anticyclone over Mongolia during 1994-2008, which results in a weak meridional oscillation of Changma front. As a result, rainfall amount for the Changma period and the frequency of extreme events have significantly increased after 1993/1994. A major change of synoptic environment for August is the significant westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high, which allows not only more moisture transports but also stronger cyclonic circulation over the Korean peninsula. Rainfall amount for August and frequency of extreme events have also increased after 1993/1994. However, variability of rainfall amount is larger for August than that for the Changma period, with some years showing very dry August (monthly rainfall amount less than 150 mm).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 2011

Haze phenomena were analyzed to assess the impact of long range transport process on the air quality of Seoul and Busan. We statistically classified haze days observed in both Seoul and Busan into two types of haze cases: stagnant case and long-range transport case, and analyzed the air pollutant levels comparatively for each of the two cases for the period of 2000~2007. The results showed that the long-range transport haze case occurs less frequently with the occurrence frequency of 35.5% than stagnant case with the occurrence frequency of 64.5%. During the observed all haze days, all pollutants have high concentration in comparison with those under other meteorological conditions (Rain, Mist, Dust, Clear, Rain+Mist) except for only $PM_{10}$ of Dust case where its level shows highest among total 6 categorized conditions. The long range transport haze case shows similar levels of $PM_{10}$ and $NO_2$, but higher $SO_2$ and lower $O_3$ compared with stagnant haze cases, suggesting the importance of sulfur chemistry for long range transport haze case and local photochemistry for stagnant haze case. In addition, by employing the NOAA/HYSPLIT-4 backward trajectory model, we subdivided the long range transport haze cases into two different sources: urban anthropogenic high emission areas of central China, and natural emission sources over north China and/or Mongolia. The former long range transport haze case shows higher occurrence (with Seoul 70% and Busan 85%) than the latter haze case (with Seoul 30% and Busan <10%). This is also implying that the long haze phenomena occurred over Korea have been influenced by not only the anthropogenic emissions but also the natural dust emissions. These both emission sources can be good contributors in calculating the source-receptor relationship over Korean atmospheric environment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2020

Rhododendron mucronulatum, native to Korea, Mongolia, Russia and parts of northern China, is known not only for its medicinal properties but also as a tourist attraction. One of the most famous tourist destinations with R. mucronulatum is in Biseul Mountain County Park, Daegu, Korea. To investigate the relationship between R. mucronulatum and microbiome communities in the surrounding soil, three sites within the park were chosen for sampling in February and August. The soil samples were then passed through a pyrosequencing process for analysis of the bacterial communities, and a total of 404,899 sequencing reads were obtained. Between 2,349 and 4,736 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed across the three sampling zones and two seasons; samples from the park entrance showed a higher number of OTUs than the other two sites, and samples from August had more OTUs than those from February. The sample from the second observation site displayed the fewest OTUs, particularly in February. According to Chao1 and Shannon indices, samples from the park entrance in August demonstrated the highest degree of species richness and diversity. Studying the bacterial communities across the six samples identified the common population as comprising 287 genera, 45 of which are only present in Biseul Mountain County Park and are expected to participate in the colonization of R. mucronulatum.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.693-702
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• 2015

In order to identify the species and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship of rook populations found in Jeju-do Province in winter seasons, we determined the sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene and analyzed the genetic structure of maternal lineages and phylogenetic relationship. The rook DNAs were isolated from the post-mortem specimens and plumages collected from agricultural farms in Jeju-do Province including U-do Island. The obtained COI sequences (n=41) showed over 97.0% identities with those previously reported from Corvus frugeligus. Three COI haplotypes (J01-J03) were detected from COI sequences of the rooks obtained in Jeju-do Province but those did not show the site-specific patterns, showing that they might be derived from a common maternal origin. Eight maternal haplotypes were detected from all COI sequences obtained. Among those three haplotypes contained the COI sequences from Northeast Asia including eastern Russia, Mongolia and South Korea. On the other hand, the other five haplotypes contained the COI sequences reported from Central Asia, Middle East, western Russia and European countries. The COI sequences from Jeju-do Province were located on three haplotypes (CF01-CF03) belonging to Northeast Asian rook lineages. The NJ tree showed the distinct branch patterns suggesting two different maternal lineages of C. frugilegus, which proposed as two parapatric subspecies, C. f. frugilegus (Western) and C. f. pastinator (Eastern). These findings using DNA barcoding approaches will be contributed to provide the information about avian fauna for understanding the genetic structure of maternal lineage, phylogenetic relationship and their molecular ecology.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.47-62
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• 2000

This study investigated the effect of soil animals at forest fire area, and it carried out the mountain located at Jundae Ri, Houeng-chen Myen, Ha-dong Gun, Kyoung-Nam Province, southern part of Korea, where burned out about 50 hectars on April 11, 1997. Vegetation of the examined area absolutely dominated with the pines of 7-14 cm in diameter and 20 to 30 years old and the rest were covered with mixed forest with a shrub such as the oak (Quereus mongolia Fisch, Quereus variabilis BI, Quereus dentana Thunb), snowbell(Styrax japonica, S, et, z), lacquer tree (Rhus trichocarpa Mig), azalea (Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz), etc. And there were simple area organized as a herbaceous plant, and the burnt area was poor experimental sites, where litter layer and herbaceous plant disappeard due to fire, and the unburnt area was rich in surface plant, dead leaves, twigs, etc. But the ground cover vegetations were poor in the unburnt area. The distribution of each animal groups, the seasonal fluctuation in population density, the biomass of meso$.$macroarthropods and the relationship between soil animal and some environmental factors were investigated and analyzed at each experimental area. The result are summarized as follow: 1. Identificated 257,087 individuals of soil microarthropods were classified into 7 classes and 24 orders of Arachinida, Insecta, Chilopoda, Symphyla, Diplopoda, Isopoda and Oligochaeta., and identified 8,006 individuals of the total meso$.$macroarthropods were classified into 7 classes and 20 orders of Arachinida, Insecta, Chilopoda, Symphyla, Diplopoda, Isopoda and Oligochaeta. 2. Among the total soil microarthropods, Arachinida formed 70.9%, followed by Insecta for 28.4% and among the total meso$.$macroarthropod , Insecta formed 57.6%, followed by Chilopoda for 23.8%.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.1896-1904
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• 2020

Objective: Estimating the genetic diversity and structures, both within and among chicken breeds, is critical for the identification and conservation of valuable genetic resources. In chickens, microsatellite (MS) marker polymorphisms have previously been widely used to evaluate these distinctions. Our objective was to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 22 chicken breeds in Asia based on allelic frequencies. Methods: We used 469 genomic DNA samples from 22 chicken breeds from eight Asian countries (South Korea, KNG, KNB, KNR, KNW, KNY, KNO; Laos, LYO, LCH, LBB, LOU; Indonesia, INK, INS, ING; Vietnam, VTN, VNH; Mongolia, MGN; Kyrgyzstan, KGPS; Nepal, NPS; Sri Lanka, SBC) and three imported breeds (RIR, Rhode Island Red; WLG, White Leghorn; CON, Cornish). Their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using 20 MS markers. Results: In total, 193 alleles were observed across all 20 MS markers, and the number of alleles ranged from 3 (MCW0103) to 20 (LEI0192) with a mean of 9.7 overall. The NPS breed had the highest expected heterozygosity (H_exp, 0.718±0.027) and polymorphism information content (PIC, 0.663±0.030). Additionally, the observed heterozygosity (H_obs) was highest in LCH (0.690±0.039), whereas WLG showed the lowest H_exp (0.372±0.055), H_obs (0.384±0.019), and PIC (0.325±0.049). Nei's DA genetic distance was the closest between VTN and VNH (0.086), and farthest between KNG and MGN (0.503). Principal coordinate analysis showed similar results to the phylogenetic analysis, and three axes explained 56.2% of the variance (axis 1, 19.17%; 2, 18.92%; 3, 18.11%). STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the 22 chicken breeds should be divided into 20 clusters, based on the highest ΔK value (46.92). Conclusion: This study provides a basis for future genetic variation studies and the development of conservation strategies for 22 chicken breeds in Asia.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.1
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• pp.147-162
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• 1989

The current status of the application and interpretation of the Warsaw Convention and its subsequent Protocols in Asian countries is in its fredgling stages compared to the developed countries of Europe and North America, and there is thus little published information about the various Asian governments' treatment and courts' views of the Warsaw System. Due to that limitation, the accent of this paper will be on Korea and Japan. As one will be aware, the so-called 'Warsaw System' is made up of the Warsaw Convention of 1929, the Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guadalajara Convention of 1961, the Guatemala City Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Additional Protocols Nos. 1,2,3 and 4 of 1975. Among these instruments, most of the countries in Asia are parties to both the Warsaw Convention and the Hague Protocol. However, the Republic of Korea and Mongolia are parties only to the Hague Protocol, while Burma, Indonesia and Sri Lanka are parties only to the Warsaw Convention. Thailand and Taiwan are not parties only to the convention or protocol. Among Asian states, Indonesia, the Phillipines and Pakistan are also parties to the Guadalajara Convention, but no country in Asia has signed the Guatemala City Protocol of 1971 or the Montreal Additional Protocols, which Protocols have not yet been put into force. The People's Republic of China has declared that the Warsaw Convention shall apply to the entire Chinese territory, including Taiwan. 'The application of the Warsaw Convention to one-way air carriage between a state which is a party only to the Warsaw Convention and a state which is a party only to the Hague Protocol' is of particular importance in Korea as it is a signatory only to the Hague Protocol, but it is involved in a great deal of air transportation to and from the united states, which in turn is a party only to the Warsaw Convention. The opinion of the Supreme Court of Korea appears to be, that parties to the Warsaw Convention were intended to be parties to the Hague Protocol, whether they actually signed it or not. The effect of this decision is that in Korea the United States and Korea will be considered by the courts to be in a treaty relationship, though neither State is a signatory to the same instrument as the other State. The first wrongful death claim in Korea related to international carriage by air under the Convention was made in Hyun-Mo Bang, et al v. Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd. case. In this case, the plaintiffs claimed for damages based upon breach of contract as well as upon tort under the Korean Civil Code. The issue in the case was whether the time limitation provisions of the Convention should be applicable to a claim based in tort as well as to a claim based in contract. The Appellate Court ruled on 29 August 1983 that 'however founded' in Article 24(1) of the Convention should be construed to mean that the Convention should be applicable to the claim regardless of whether the cause of action was based in tort or breach of contract, and that the plaintiffs' rights to damages had therefore extinguished because of the time limitation as set forth in Article 29(1) of the Convention. The difficult and often debated question of what exactly is meant by the words 'such default equivalent to wilful misconduct' in Article 25(1) of the Warsaw Convention, has also been litigated. The Supreme Court of Japan dealt with this issue in the Suzuki Shinjuten Co. v. Northwest Airlines Inc. case. The Supreme Court upheld the Appellate Court's ruling, and decided that 'such default equivalent to wilful misconduct' under Article 25(1) of the Convention was within the meaning of 'gross negligence' under the Japanese Commercial Code. The issue of the convention of the 'franc' into national currencies as provided in Article 22 of the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol has been raised in a court case in Korea, which is now before the District Court of Seoul. In this case, the plaintiff argues that the gold franc equivalent must be converted in Korean Won in accordance with the free market price of gold in Korea, as Korea has not enacted any law, order or regulation prescribing the proper method of calculating the equivalent in its national currency. while it is unclear if the court will accept this position, the last official price of gold of the United States as in the famous Franklin Mint case, Special Drawing Right(SDR) or the current French franc, Korean Air Lines has argued in favor of the last official price of gold of the United States by which the air lines converted such francs into us Dollars in their General Conditions of Carriage. It is my understanding that in India, an appellate court adopted the free market price valuation. There is a report as well saying that if a lawsuit concerning this issue were brought in Pakistan, the free market cost of gold would be applied there too. Speaking specifically about the future of the Warsaw System in Asia though I have been informed that Thailand is actively considering acceding to the Warsaw Convention, the attitudes of most Asian countries' governments towards the Warsaw System are still wnot ell known. There is little evidence that Asian countries are moving to deal concretely with the conversion of the franc into their own local currencies. So too it cannot be said that they are on the move to adhere to the Montreal Additional Protocols Nos. 3 & 4 which attempt to basically solve many of the current problems with the Warsaw System, by adopting the SDR as the unit of currency, by establishing the carrier's absolute liability and an unbreakable limit and by increasing the carrier's passenger limit of liability to SDR 100,000, as well as permiting the domestic introduction of supplemental compensation. To summarize my own sentiments regarding the future, I would say that given the fact that Asian air lines are now world leaders both in overall size and rate of growth, and the fact that both Asian individuals and governments are becoming more and more reliant on the global civil aviation networks as their economies become ever stronger, I am hopeful that Asian nations will henceforth play a bigger role in ensuring the orderly and hasty development of a workable unified system of rules governing international commercial air carriage.