• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.409-437
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to present the specific ways of successful localization by analyzing the success and failures case for localization within the framework of the strategic models through a theoretical background and strategic models of localization. The strategic models of localization are divided by management aspects such as the localization of product and sourcing, the localization of human resources, the localization of marketing, the localization of R&D, harmony with a local community and delegation of authority between headquarters and local subsidiaries. The results, by comparing and analyzing the success and failures case for localization of individual companies operating in India, indicate that in terms of localization of product and sourcing, there are successful companies which procure a components locally and produce a suitable model which local consumers prefer and the failed companies which can not meet local consumers' needs. In case of localization of human resources, most companies recognize the importance of this portion and make use of superior human resource aggressively through a related education. In case of localization of marketing, It is found that the successful companies perform pre-market research & management and build a effective marketing skills & after service network and select local business partner which has a technical skills and carry out a business activities, customer support, complaint handling with their own organization. In terms of localization of R&D, the successful major companies establish and operate R&D center to promote a suitable model for local customers. In part of harmony with a local community, it shows that companies which made a successful localization understand the cultural environment and contribute to the community through CSR. In aspect of delegation of authority between headquarters and local subsidiaries, it is found that most of Korean companies are very weak for this part. there is a tendency to be determined by the head office rather than local subsidiaries. Implication of this thesis is that Korean enterprises in India should carry forward localization of products and components, foster of local human resource who recognize management and system of company and take part in voluntary market strategy decision, wholly owned subsidiary, establishment and operation of R & D center, understanding of local culture and system, corporate social responsibility, autonomy in management.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.481-508
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to research the specific ways of successful localization by analyzing the success and failures case for localization through the theoretical background and the strategic models of localization. The strategic models of localization are divided by management aspects such as the localization of production and sourcing, the localization of human resources, the localization of marketing, the localization of R&D, harmonious relationship with the local community and authority transfer between headquarters and local subsidiaries. And the specific measures of the successful localization are proposed within the framework of the strategic models by comparing and analyzing the success and failures case for localization of individual companies operating in Indonesia. The results indicate that there are successful companies which develop a suitable products for the local climate and failed automobile company which is weak for assembly of complete vehicle in terms of localization of production and sourcing. In case of localization of human resources, most companies recognize the importance of this part and endeavor to secure superior human resource through a related education. It is found that most of the companies perform R & D in their native country. In part of a harmonious relationship with the local community, Korean companies should contribute to the community and be friendly with local residents and make a good image of the company focusing on the cultural environment. In aspect of authority transfer between headquarters and local subsidiaries, there is a tendency to be determined by the head office rather than the joint participation. In the future, in order for Korean enterprise to be successful one in Indonesia market, a highly interdependent and complex forms between headquarters and local subsidiaries shall be performed and an active exchange of information and the selection of best talent regardless of nationality shall be promoted.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.1
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• pp.193-222
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to review the rights and duties of cargo owners, the party to the contract of international carriage of goods by air under the Warsaw Convention System and the IATA conditions. It is generally known that air freight is the most-cost mode of transportation. However, should there be considerations of total distribution cost, the use of air freight leads exporters to be advantageous in physical distribution. The Warsaw Convention System defined and limited the rights and duties of cargo owners and air carriers paticipating in the international carriage of goods, but it does not regulate every aspect of air transportation. Therefore, the unregulated parts are governed by national laws and by individual contracts of carriage. The International Air Transport Association(lATA), a worldwide organization of airlines, has formulated model conditions of contract for the carriage of cargo. These models are not uniformly followed but they serve as a basis for many of the individual standard form of contracts prepared by air carriers. The contract of air carriage of goods is a contract of adhesion, 'the consignor recognizing and accepting the conditions laid down by the carrier'. There are consignors and carriers as the parties to the contract of international carriage of goods. In addition to his basic right, implied in Warsaw Convention Article 18 and 19, to require devery of the goods in good condition and at the date agreed upon, the consignor has the right to dispose the goods in the course of the journey up to the moment when the consignee is entitled to require delivery. If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor, the carrier must so inform him forthwith. The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Warsaw Convention Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the air waybill or the goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition. Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the goods arrive. The consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out in the air waybill. The air waybill is supposed to be made out by the consignor. If the carrier makes it out, he is deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor, whether there is one air waybill or several, each must be made out in three original parts. The first is for the carrier, the second is for the consignee, and the the third is handed to the consignor when the shipment has been accepted. The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statement concerning the cargo appearing in the air waybill. Each of the original parts of the air waybill has evidential value and possession of his part is a condition for the exercise by the consignor or consignee of his rights under the contract of carriage. Hague Protocol set forth in Article 9 that nothing in this. Convention prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill, but Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 deleted this article. All charges applicable to a shipment are payable in cash at the time of acceptance thereof by the carrier in case of a prepaid shipment or at the time of delivery thereof by the carrier in case of a collect shipment. The carrier shall have lien the cargo for unpaid charges and, in the event of non-payment thereof, shall have the right to dispose of the cargo at public or private sale and pay itself out of the proceeds of such sale any and all such amounts. In conclusion, the Warsaw Convention System has the character of ambiguity in various respects, not only in the part of the forms of documents but also in conditions of contract. Accordingly, the following propositions might be considered: (1) If the carrier does not obey the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without proper reasons, he will be liable strictly for any damage which may be caused thereby to the cargo owner. The special agreement and carrier's conditions of carriage which limit unreasonably the consignor's right of disposition of the goods will be nullified. (2) The instrument of the Warsaw Convention System which is not yet in force(Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4) would considerably simplfy the processing and keeping of computerized records of the carriage. Until this instrument enters into force, the airlines will be faced with practical problems preventing them to substitute computerized data processing techniques for the formal issuance of the documents. Accordingly, Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 should become effective as soon as posisble. From a practical point of view in the international trade, the issuance of negotiable air waybill should be permitted for the security of the bank.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.387-409
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• 2013

Since 1990s, more and more enterprises outsource the logistics to reduce the cost and improve core competence, which bring the prosperity of 3PL, industry in China. However, some data shows that the service quality of 3PL is not good enough, there is only a few companies that can provide systematic service, and the satisfaction of the customer is very low. Besides, many enterprises choose 3PL service provider mainly based on the price. Although there are many papers on the logistics service quality, they mainly research on single part, Studies on the relation between the service quality and the partnerships of outsourcing are scarce. Therefore, this study tries to research the service quality, partnership and the relationship between them in China's 3PL industry systematically. On the foundation of the service quality and partnership theories by former researchers, taking present situation of China's 3PL industry into consideration, this paper constructs service quality and the partnership evaluation system and develops LSQ-PP model to examine the relation between the service quality and partnership. and then use the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to analysis the full sample of collected questionnaires. Finally, the thesis summarizes the conclusion and offers suggestions for practice and future research.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.143-164
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• 2016

PICC are dealing with form requirements of international commercial contract under writings in confirmation, conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, contract with terms deliberately left open, merger clauses, modification in a particular form. If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form. If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence. A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing. A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2015

In previous studies concerning turnover, they argue individual stock's turnover must be identical to market portfolio's turnover under one condition where 2 funds separation theorem holds. In this kind of world, all market participants hold and trade the same portfolio and this should be only market portfolio. If one's trading portfolio's shape is different from market portfolio's, this would mean he or she has an advantage over others in information and this kind of information would be private. In accordance with this theory, we develop a metric which measures how far one's trading portfolio from market's and name it as Stock Selection by Investor(SSI). We apply this measurement to the various types of investor groups classified as individual, institutional and foreign who participate in Korea stock market. To test the validity of measure, we regress price ratio on this measurement using SUR method. As a result, individual investor group shows large number in SSI, but the coefficient in regression is not significant and economically meaningless. In case of institutional investor group, the coefficient proves to be significantly negative. We can infer from this fact that their trading is somehow far from informed trading. Stock selection activity by foreign investor groups proves to be informed trading by showing significantly positive coefficient and the magnitude of coefficient is economically meaningful, especially in sell activity.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2017

Polymer membranes are cheap and easy in fabrication, and show a high permeability and selectivity, thus play pivotal roles in gas separation as well as water purification. However, polymer membranes typically exhibit the trade-off relation between permeability and selectivity; i.e. when the permeability is high, the selectivity is low and vice versa. Facilitated transport has been considered one of the solutions to address this issue. Over the last decades, facilitated transport concept had played an important role in preparing the membranes and providing ideal and various models for the transport. Understanding the nature of carrier, the mobility of matrix and the physico-chemical properties of polymer composites are crucial for facilitated transport. Depending on the mobility of carrier, facilitated transport membrane is classified into three; mobile carrier membrane, semi-mobile carrier membrane, fixed-site carrier membrane. Also, there are four types of reversible reaction between the carrier and the specific target; proton transfer reaction, nucleophilic addition reaction, p-complexation reaction and electrochemical reaction. The facilitated transport membranes have been applied in the separation of CO2, O2 and olefin (propylene or ethylene). In this review, major challenges surrounding facilitated transport membranes and the strategies to tackle these challenges are given in detail.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.145-165
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• 1999

With the rapid spreading of the internet that is based on the development of the information network system, the paradigms of "internet round" and "cyber" are given much weight in the notion of "market." Especially, the cyber shopping for the individuals is developing rapidly creating the new life style, and also in the domestic economy the cases of building and running the cyber shopping malls are increasing. The purpose of this study is to analyse the customers' shopping styles that can be shown when the customers purchase physical goods or digital goods at the B to C EC and find the way to activate the shopping malls by controlling the factors which influence the trade. The result of the study is as follows: First, to analyse the acting style of the customers at the B to C EC, it is searched whether there is any relationship between the purchasing goods, which are divided into physical goods and digital goods. There was a cross analysis between the first factor of the five factors of the purchase decision or delay at the B to C EC and the goods type. The result of the analysis is that the purchase decision factor is different according as what type of goods is purchased. On the other hand, the purchase delay factor has no relation with the goods type. Second, the fact that the cyber shopping activities are quite different according to sexuality, age, academic background, or occupation suggests that these factors are very important to the strategy for the market-specification of the B to C EC marketing construction. The result shown in this study is sure to give great help to figure out the improvement strategies and the market-specialization strategies to accelerate the B to C EC marketing. On the side of the strategies for the improvement of the goods services, more attention should be given to the functional side for the improvement of the reliability of the goods service such as capacity, technique, and quality. And the activities of the customers are so different according to the vital statistics that the way to cope with the changeability properly should be considered.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 2017

I focused on LVTS compare with Fedwire to advance a research effects in this paper. The Fedwire Funds Service is generally used to make large-value, time-critical payments. The Federal Reserve Banks provide the Fedwire Funds Service, a real-time gross settlement system that enables participants to initiate funds transfer that are immediate, final, and irrevocable once processed. The Fedwire Funds Service is a credit transfer service. While, The LVTS(Large Value Transfer System) is the high value electronic wire system that facilitates the transfer of irrevocable payments in canadian dollars across the country. Through LVTS, funds can be transferred between participating financial institutions virtually instantaneously in a fully collateralized environment. Thus in this article, first of all, I considered features of payment system between LVTS and Fedwire. Second, I analyzed the governing structure and legal background. Third, I focused on the operational policy and risk aversion policy. Lastly, I suggested that the payment and banking system have to assume, with good reason, more efficiently accurately and securely operation together with conclusion.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.307-327
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the role of the type of strategies on the relationship organizational culture, strategics activities and the export performance of manufacturing SMEs. This study analyzed the moderated effects of type of strategies between the organizational culture, strategic activities and the export performance of SMEs. This study suggested 20 questions latent variables based on existing research. Organizational culture were divided into adhocracy culture and market culture and strategy types were divided into prospectors and defenders. The sample SMEs be analyzed were 200 firms. The 7 hypotheses including moderated effects were analyzed by using LISREL as structural equation modeling. In the result of empirical analysis, the adhocracy culture indicates a positive effect on customer relationship building activities but product quality assurance activities was not significant. Market culture showed a positive impact on both customer relationship building and quality assurance activities. This study conducted multi-group analysis for the purpose of the moderated effects of type of strategies. Multi-group analysis results showed that there are difference effects between the relationship of adhocracy culture, customer relationship building activities and product quality assurance activities. In addition, the group choice adhocracy culture based on the prospectors strategy had a greater impact than the market culture group on the relationship building activities and export performance.