• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2008

This paper reviews a new kitchen space by analyzing the user life style and their house environment where ubiquitous system is considered. The kitchen space where ubiquitous system is applied was differ in their house atmosphere and the role of kitchen area. Those changes under ubiquitous system has the kitchen becomes the central space of the house and the furnishings including home appliances and furnitures. This furniture and built-in machine will get a communication ability with user in the living and kitchen space. And it will include a high technology like as RFID, home network and so on.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.175-176
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• 2004

Housing culture has rapidly changed since apartments were first introduced in the 1970's. Among our living spaces, particularly, the kitchen reflects our lifestyle and its changes are more remarkable. Activities in kitchen areas include a diverse range of behaviors such as greeting guests, conversation, and family gathering besides cooking and dining. kitchen areas would not be the dedicated housewives' area, but rather a space for all family members. Kitchen areas become a 'living center' where all family members get together and have various family activity. This housing project was designed for the double income family who is consisted of 4 persons. The total area of Apt was 237.6M2. A residence is always comfortable, resting, and consistent for the family. Intimacy image, functional equipments and space, healthy materials were used for this project.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.63-82
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• 1987

This is the forth consecutive study on the 'Standardization of Measurement for Korean Kitchen Work Centers and Cabinets for Future Design Criteria'. The purpose of the present research was (1) to classify homemakers' representative like styles related to the kitchen, (2) to examine homemakers' present concerns on the kitchen space, and (3) to investigate homemakers' desire and preference on the kitchen space. Twenty two hundred homemakers of upper and middle class residing in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju and Daejeon were selected for the survey and 1,843 among them were used for data analysis. Data were selected for the survey and 1,843 among them were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using the SAS program package. The statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, factor analysis, F-test, Duncan's multiple range test, X2-test, cluster analysis. Findings from the research as follows: (1) Four factors were found as indicaters of the life style; values on the household work, desire on social function of the kitchen, degree on cooperation of family members on the household work, and convenient management. It was noticeable that homemakers had positive responses in terms of desire on social function of the kitchen and degree on cooperation of family members on the household work. Homemakers' life styles related to the kitchen space were classified into 6 categories. (2) Relatively a few respondents answered that the kitchens were very well furnished. If, however, the economic conditions become better, substantial number of them wanted to invest for better kitchen following the one for living room. (3) It was found that most respondents preferred the arrangement of space, where dining and kitchen in one space, and a hard wall or soft treatment was between living and dining/kitchen area. (4) Many respondents desired pantry, utility and laundry area be near the kitchen or in the same space with it, thereby forming a utility core in a housing space.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.1
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• pp.57-89
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• 1995

Despite prologed business stagnation of both international and domestic economy, hotel business as well as tourist industry has continuously been keeping growing, owing to increase of surplus income and world flowing population. During recent 4 years, growth rate of yearly mean in domestic hotels reached 9.9% and especially that of the superior class hotels 15.2%. In the composition of domestic tourist hotel's revenue, the earnings of guest rooms form 37.4%, on the other hand those of food & beverage 39.9%. This result is that our hotel business is concentrated on its interest in FOOD & BEVERAGE of which productivity per unit dimension can be increased to an unlimited extent and extent and superior class hotels strengthened in F&B are increasing in comparison with European or American hotels which are focused on guest rooms in their management. For value added rate of F&B is low as compared with increase of their earnings, they are interested in the management techniques which focus on rising the rate. As for the cost of Food & Beverage, personnel expenditure forms 36.5% and the direct materials 31.5%. Therefore how to manage personnel and materials costs which compose as much as 68% of total revenue will greatly affect net profit. We can say that an effective management technique in cost of Food & Beverage is one of the most important know-hows in hotel management. Especially management know-how for the Kitchen Department where the most of foods come out makes a great effects on various expenses, productivity and it is the achievement from hotel management. For the most of the hotel's top managers, they don't seriously take the fact that KITCHEN SYSTEM affects greatly total expenditure. This study starts from the point of recognizing the question of fundamental cause affecting tow largest cost elements incurred in Food & Beverage and trying to present an effective kitchen system. To settle the questions raised, I compared and analyzed productivity and cost of food & beverage and unit kitchen centered around superior class hotels in Seoul, which vary in Kitchen Systems. In order to attain the aforementioned study effectively purpose of this study, I compared Room-Service and Coffee-Shop Menu, flow of basic food in the kitchen, extent and result of division of labor and integration in the kitchen, scale of outlet kitchen, productivity, the turnover rate of food in store, food cost rate one another which all vary in Kitchen Systems. All these elements are compared and analyzed each other being divided into two main groups such as①. Main Production kitchen and Banquet Kitchen, and ②. coffee-shop kitchen and Room-service Kitchen. Therefore this study is to point out the problems in managing kitchens of superior class hotels which are different in systems. An effort was made to find out the better Kitchen System for superior deluxe hotels. I emphasize the followings on the proper scale of division of labor and integration of unit kitchen and a disposition plan for outlet kitchens of restaurant. First, KITCHEN SYSTEM as a sub-system of Hotel Management System is composed of sub-systems of outlet unit kitchen. Basic food materials are cooked and served for the guests while support kitchen and out restaurant kitchen interact organically each other. So Kitchen should be considered as a system composed of integrated sub-systems. Second, support and banquet kitchens should be integrated to be managed. And these unit kitchens have to be designed to be placed in the back of banquet rooms area. Third, coffee-shop kitchen and room-service kitchen should be integrated to be managed. Fourth, several unit business kitchens should be place on the same floor. Fifth, main production kitchens ought to be located near the loading duck, food store and large refrigerator. Sixth, considering the limits of supervision, duties should be adjusted as 12-20 cooks in two shifts a day for a sub-kitchen, and 18-30 cooks in three shifts a day so that labor division can be made. Last, I would like to two points for direction and task of future study. Firstly, I compare the effective income and increasing costs each other, which are incurred by increasing the use rate of the second processing materials for foods perched outside and through the results. I can find out the better points of the processing production and circulation system, and then I study this effects made on hotel kitchen system. Secondly, I can point out that more efficient kitchen system shall be established through comparing and analyzing the matter of amount of indirect costs and flow of food in different kitchen systems.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.34
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• pp.172-195
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• 2001

This research on the house folklore in China, Korea, and Japan is focusing on a kitchen God that is common in these three countries. This god originated in China and has subsequently influenced Korea and Japan. Today, all three countries use the same name of this kitchen god which is called Youngwang(竈王) as its name has been spelled in Chinese. In China, this kitchen god has been believed in two different ways. The Han people have developed their belief in Youngwang while another creed has been originated from other ethnic groups. Because of the particular house style with upper stories of ethnic groups in the southern and southeast areas of China, a kitchen fireplace is centered in the house. Han people in China also worship painted depictions of kitchen gods. And the ethnic groups believe it has three stone legs for a fire box. These differing beliefs has bad influenced on Korea and Japan. The kitchen god of Cheju island (off the south Korea coast) is believed to be almost the same as among the ethnic groups in China Interestingly, form of belief in the kitchen god in Okinawa (off the south coast of Japan) is almost identical as in the southern area of China Custom in China. Korea, and Japan regarding the kitchen god symbolized family values healing, initiating a new daughter-in-law to reveging the kitchen god, etc. are all the very similar. A fireplace and its fire are very important and, have many taboo, attached. Existing rich tales of kitchen gods are similar in the three countries. Moreover, people in the three countries, think that the clay or time plaster of the fireplace with bring good luck on New Year's eve. However, Korea kitchen god features one thing that is different from those China and Japan, that is that water symbolizes the kitchen god in Korea. A painted kitchen god as they are popular in China, has influenced only some Buddhist temples in Korea.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.263-277
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• 2007

In order for a cook to cook, there should be a space called a kitchen; moreover, to prepare good food, there should be good kitchen facilities in the kitchen. With good facilities, the cook can save time and have higher productivity. On the other hand, with poor facilities, equipment and utensils, the cook can get demotivated, have poor capability, suffer from high stress and possibly can cause some diseases. Therefore, better facilities are essential for cooking environment. The purpose of this study is to find out how significant the job stress is according to the demographic characteristics. Also, how kitchen facilities and moving line influence the job stress. In order to answer above questions, 278 copies of questionnaire were made and given to cooks at hotels with five star or similar ranks. Using SPSS Win 12.0 the statistics package, frequency, factor and reliability analysis were conducted. Then, regression analysis was carried out. As a result of the test, difference analysis on statistic characteristics was partly found. In addition, facilities and moving line affected job stress. Also, working area in the kitchen inversely influenced the job stress.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.3 s.75
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

This research examined the residents' behavior in using space, focusing on the kitchen area where there was the most change, in order to understand the transition of living culture through the ages. The following findings were obtained: 1) Today's apartment residents prefer 'Island' style which is located a separate counter and work space. Thus the kitchen m is now being recognized as a place spacious, and where the whole family can participate. 2) The usage of the kitchen is not only limited to cooking or keeping household goods but also broadened to washing, private life, happy home circle, inviting guests etc. Especially, family union or inviting guests in the kitchen is more frequent as the houses become larger, private refreshment or reading in the kitchen is proportional to income and to people living in homes where the kitchen and dining room is divided independent 3) Looking at the dietary life styles of today's apartment residents, there are more well-being type and tradition type than prosessed type. This trend is portional to the resident's standard of education and the size of the apartment, thus making a significant influence.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.67-85
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate changes in house and kitchen forms and behaviors in the kitchen area of Korean family houses from the Yi-dynasty to the present, and (2) to develop a housing conceptual framework on the basis of the ecosystem approach through analysis of changes in Korean family houses. The documentary research method wad used fro this study. The major findings were that the traditional Korean houses were composed of separate buildings and had various floor levels with the maru(a wooden floor) as the center of the open plan. The introduction of foreign style house forms from the era of enlightenment, in the year 1876 to the Korean war in 1950 changed traditional Korean houses into Korean-western style houses. More recent increased population and urbanization accelerated to change from the traditional Korean house form to an apartment style. At the present time, however, many kinds of house forms, from a highly modernized style with convenient facilities to a primitive style, which cannot even meet the basis needs of daily life, coexist together. The Kitchens in traditional Korean houses had no plumbing, drainage, or work centers. They had simple adobe furnaces which were used for cooking and for heating the ondol, a kind of panel heated floor by which the heat and smoke run under the floor to the chimney. This made the kitchen floor level lower than the floors of other spaces. The residents entered the kitchen through the madang(atrium). The influence of the western style kitchen, the development of technology, and improvements of nation-wide economic status have made today's kitchen space covenient and hygienic. The floor level of the kitchen was raised to the same level of other spaces. Formerly the major function of the kitchen was raised to the same level of other spaces. Formerly the major function of the kitchen space was cooking and heating floors. This had changed, and the kitchen is now, the place for family and social interaction. A housing conceptual framework was developed on the basis of these findings.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.104-112
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• 2015

This study purposes drawing changing tendency of apartment kitchen areas and character of that by figuring out type, form and per period cause of change of brand apartment kitchen areas. I adopted subject of study as the six leading construction companies considering the apartment rankings of brand and subcontract from 2001 to 2015 when brand apartment was activated(Samsung C&T corporation Raemian, Daelim Industrial Co., Ltd E-pyeonhansesang, Daewoo E&C Prugio, GS E&C XI, Posco E&C The sharp, Hyundai E&C Hillstate) and analyzed kitchen plane of $84m^2{\sim}102m^2$ housing units which were in great demand from apartment housing market. Also, I drew changing trends of kitchen areas by conducting a model house field survey. Through this study result, I will expect the utility of baseline data which is necessary for space development by figuring out kitchen culture, flows and cause of change.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.23-34
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to find out the design identity of the Korean kitchen space through out comparing life culture and user's needs of the rural kitchen space between Koreans and Americans. This research was done by the literature review and the empirical data collected through the questionnaire by mail in the state of Missouri, USA and the field survey in the province of Chonbuk, Korea. The American rural residents were 104 and the Korean were 100. The results were as follows. 1) The characteristics of the Korean rural food life were the making Kimchi, soy sauce and bean paste etc. and the preparing food for family events such as birthdays and holidays. They had need to be planned the second kitchen. 2) The characteristics were planned the Korean rural main kitchen to be equipped with another refrigerator for Kimchi, to be wider floor area and to be located near the living and the dining room. 3) The kitchen space also was not reflected on the aged's desire, but this factor will be important to be planned.