• 한국운동역학회지
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.173-183
• /
• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation coefficients between anthropometric parameters of the foot and kinetic variables during running. Method: This study was conducted on 21 healthy young adults (age: $24.8{\pm}2.1yes$, height: $177.2{\pm}5.8cm$, body mass: $73.3{\pm}7.3kg$, foot length: $256.5{\pm}12.3mm$) with normal foot type and heel strike running. To measure the anthropometric parameters, radiographs were taken on the frontal and sagittal planes, and determined the length and width of each segment and the navicular height. Barefoot running was performed at a preferred velocity ($3.0{\pm}0.2m/s$) and a fixed velocity (4.0 m/s) on treadmill (Bertec, USA) in order to measure the kinetic variables. The vertical impact peak force, the vertical active peak force, the braking peak force, the propulsion peak force, the vertical force at mid-stance (vertical ground reaction when the foot is fully landed in mid-stance or at the point where the weight was uniformly distributed on the foot) and the impact loading rate were calculated. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between anthropometric variables and kinetical variables. The significance level was set to ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: At the preferred velocity running, the runner with longer forefoot had lower active force (r=-.448, p=.041) than the runner with short forefoot. At the fixed velocity, as the navicular height increases, the vertical force at full landing moment increases (r= .671, p= .001) and as the rearfoot length increases, the impact loading rate decreases (r=- .469, p= .032). Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference in the length of fore-foot and rearfoot, and navicular height. Therefore it was conclude that anthropometric properties need to be considered in the foot study. It was expected that the relationship between anthropometric parameters and kinetical variables of foot during running can be used as scientific criteria and data in various fields including performance, injury and equipment development.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 1996년도 제7회 학술강연회논문집
• /
• pp.137-144
• /
• 1996

내열 복합 재료에 사용되는 경화된 페놀 수지(DURITE SC-1008)의 열분해 상수를 알아보기 위하여 Henderson and Freidman 분석법을 이용하여 반응 속도 상수를 구하였다. 가열 속도는 5,10, $20^{\circ}C$/min으로 변화 시켰으며 각각의 중량 감소 곡선으로부터 속도 상수 값을 구하였다. 열분해 반응은 크게 두 구간으로 나누어 진행되었으며 이러한 반응을 모사하기 위하여 반응 구간에 따른 속도 상수 값을 구하였다. 또한 실험 상수 값의 정확성을 확인하기 위하여 이론 열중량 곡선식을 직접 유도하여 상수 값을 대입한 결과 그 차이는 상관 계수가 1.19로써 실제 실험 값과 이론식에서 얻어진 값이 거의 일치되었다 그러므로 열분해 반응을 모사하기 위해서는 변화된 가열 속도에 따라서 중량 감소량을 구한 후 열분해 반응 구간을 분리하여 반응 상수론 구하는 것이 필요하다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.262-266
• /
• 2016

This study evaluated the growth kinetics of Salmonella spp. in processed meat products formulated with low sodium nitrite (NaNO₂). A 5-strain mixture of Salmonella spp. was inoculated on 25-g samples of sausages formulated with sodium chloride (NaCl) (1.0%, 1.25%, and 1.5%) and NaNO₂ (0 and 10 ppm) followed by aerobic or vacuum storage at 10℃ and 15℃ for up to 816 h or 408 h, respectively. The bacterial cell counts were enumerated on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar, and the modified Gompertz model was fitted to the Salmonella cell counts to calculate the kinetic parameters as a function of NaCl concentration on the growth rate (GR; Log CFU/g/h) and lag phase duration (LPD; h). A linear equation was then fitted to the parameters to evaluate the effect of NaCl concentration on the kinetic parameters. The GR values of Salmonella on sausages were higher (p<0.05) with 10 ppm NaNO₂ concentration than with 0 ppm NaNO₂. The GR values of Salmonella decreased (p<0.05) as NaCl concentration increased, especially at 10℃. This result indicates that 10 ppm NaNO₂ may increase Salmonella growth at low NaCl concentrations, and that NaCl plays an important role in inhibiting Salmonella growth in sausages with low NaNO₂.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제41권8호
• /
• pp.1073-1078
• /
• 2009

A kinetic model for the oxidation of a $UO_2$ pellet to $U_3O_8$ powder has been suggested by considering the mass transfer and the diffusion of oxygen molecules. The kinetic parameters were estimated by a fitting of the experimental data. The activation energies for the chemical reaction and the product layer diffusion were calculated from the kinetic model. The oxidation conversion of a $UO_2$ pellet was simulated at various operating conditions. The suggested model explains the oxidation behavior of $UO_2$ well.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.304-313
• /
• 2015

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3 is a promising anticancer agent. It is usually produced by heat treatment of ginseng, in which ginsenoside Rb1 is the major ginsenoside. A kinetic study was conducted to optimize ginsenoside Rg3 production by the heat treatment of ginsenoside Rb1. Methods: Ginsenoside Rb1 was heated using an isothermal machine at $80^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ and analyzed using HPLC. The kinetic parameters were calculated from the experimental results. The activation energy was estimated and used to simulate the process. The optimized parameters of ginsenoside Rg3 production are suggested based on the simulation. Results: The rate constants were $0.013h^{-1}$ and $0.073h^{-1}$ for the degradation of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 at $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. The corresponding rate constants at $100^{\circ}C$ were $0.045h^{-1}$ and $0.155h^{-1}$. The estimated activation energies of degradation of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 were 69.2 kJ/mol and 40.9 kJ/mol, respectively. The rate constants at different temperatures were evaluated using the estimated activation energies, and the kinetic profiles of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 at each temperature were simulated based on the proposed kinetic model of consecutive reaction. The optimum strategies for producing ginsenoside Rg3 from ginsenoside Rb1 are suggested based on the simulation. With increased temperature, a high concentration of ginsenoside Rg3 is formed rapidly. However, the concentration decreases quickly after the reaching the maximal concentration value. Conclusion: The optimum temperature for producing ginsenoside Rg3 should be the highest temperature technically feasible below $180^{\circ}C$, in consideration of the cooling time. The optimum reaction time for heat treatment is 30 min.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제56권6호
• /
• pp.914-920
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 상용 니켈-알루미나 촉매를 이용한 메탄가스-수증기 개질반응에서의 고유반응속도 상수를 결정하였다. 반응메커니즘을 반영하기 위해 Langmuir-Hinshelwood chemisorption 이론에 기반한 반응속도식을 사용하였고 반응온도($630{\sim}750^{\circ}C$) 및 반응물의 분압(S/C ratio = 2.7~3.5)을 실험변수로 설정하였다. 실험을 통해 얻어진 데이터를 기반으로 효율적인 최적화 알고리즘을 이용하여 최적 고유반응속도상수들을 결정하였다. 최종적으로 제안된 이 수학적 반응 모델은 촉매반응기의 설계 및 운전조건 최적화에 활용 가능하다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.220-221
• /
• 1987

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.155-161
• /
• 2013

This study developed predictive models to evaluate the kinetic behaviors of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in milk during storage at various temperatures. B. cereus and S. aureus (3 Log CFU/mL) were inoculated into milk and stored at $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$, as well as $5^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively, while bacterial populations were enumerated. The growth data were fitted to the modified Gompertz model to estimate kinetic parameters, including the maximum specific growth rate (${\mu}_{max}$; Log CFU/[$mL{\cdot}h$]), lag phase duration (LPD; h), lower asymptote ($N_0$; Log CFU/mL), and upper asymptote ($N_{max}$; Log CFU/mL). To describe the kinetic behavior of B. cereus and S. aureus, the parameters were fitted to the square root model as a function of storage temperature. Finally, the developed models were validated with the observed data, and Bias (B) and Accuracy (A) factors were calculated. Cell counts of both bacteria increased with storage time. Primary modeling yielded the following parameters; ${\mu}_{max}$: 0.14-0.75 and 0.06-0.51 Log CFU/mL/h; LPD: 1.78-14.03 and 0.00-1.44 h, $N_0$: 3.10-3.37 and 2.09-3.07 Log CFU/mL, and $N_{max}$: 7.59-8.87 and 8.60-9.32 Log CFU/mL for B. cereus and S. aureus, respectively. Secondary modeling yielded a determination of coefficient ($R^2$) of 0.926.0.996. B factors were 1.20 and 0.94, and A factors were 1.16 and 1.08 for B. cereus and S. aureus, respectively. Thus, the mathematical models developed here should be useful in describing the kinetic behaviors of B. cereus and S. aureus in milk during storage.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.49-53
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 다양한 유기물과 난분해성 물질들이 포함되어 있는 제약 폐수 내 미생물의 생화학적 특성을 이해하고자 생물학적 동력학 계수를 측정 하고자하였다. 생물학적 동력학 계수는 최대 비성장율과 수율계수, 그리고 반속도상수를 측정하였는데, 각각 10.49/day (0.437/hr), 0.655 그리고 38.89 mg/L로 나타났다. Monod 식의 비선형회귀분석으로 구한 ${\mu}_{max}$ 값 또한 10.63/day (0.443/hr)로 측정되어 두가지 경우에서 구한 값이 유사함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 생물학적 동력학 계수를 제약 폐수 처리의 활성슬러지 공정의 산소요구량 및 용존 산소 농도 연구와 병행한다면 제약 폐수의 처리 효율 증진 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Carbon letters
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.143-151
• /
• 2011

Bagasse fly ash (BFA) is one of the important wastes generated in the sugar industry; it has been studied as a prospective low-cost adsorbent in the removal of congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. Chemical treatment with $H_2O_2$ was applied in order to modify the adsorbability of the raw BFA. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influence of various experimental parameters such as dye solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Both the adsorbents were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrophotometer and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of CR were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models using non-linear regression technique. Intraparticle diffusion seems to control the CR removal process. The obtained experimental data can be well described by Langmuir and also followed second order kinetic models. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicate the feasibility of the adsorption process for the studied adsorbents. The results indicate that BFA can be efficiently used for the treatment of waste water containing dyes.