• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2007

Background: Toxocariasis is a common cause of eosinophilia and eosinophilic lung disease in Korea. We analyzed the characteristics of eosinophilic lung disease in toxocariasis. Method: One hundred and forty one patients with eosinophilia caused by a toxocara larval infection were evaluated from September 1, 2001 through March 30, 2006. The plain chest x-ray, chest CT(computed tomography), and bronchoalveolar larvage(BAL) were examined. A diagnosis of toxocariasis was made by ELISA using that secretory-excretory antigen from the T. canis larvae. Results: Toxocarial eosinophilic lung diseases was diagnosed in 32 out of 141 patients. Ground glass attenuation was the main feature on the CT scans in 23 out of 141 patients (71.9%). Thirteen patients (40.6%) had a random in zonal distribution on CT. Pleural effusion was observed in 9 patients (28.1%). Twenty eight patients (87.5%) complained of respiratory symptoms. Eleven patients (34.4%) had gastrointestinal symptoms and 12 patients (37.5%) had liver infiltration. Conclusions: The most common findings of the chest CT in patients with toxocariasis was a randomly distributed ground grass attenuation. A toxocara infection should be considered in a differential diagnosis of patients who exhibit pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia in Korea.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.384-394
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• 2009

This study was performed to determine the antioxidative and anticancer effects of extracts from Adenophora remotiflora leaves. The antioxidative effects of the extracts were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity and hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid oxidative inhibition assays. The results indicated that the extracts had stronger effects than the synthetic antioxidant BHT at the same concentration. The $SC_{50}$ values (50% radical scavenging effect on $1{\times}10^{-4}$ M DPPH) of the methanol fraction, water extract, and BHT were 47.5 ${\mu}g$/mL, 74.6 ${\mu}g$/mL and 102.2 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. In addition the $IC_{50}$ values (hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid oxidation inhibition) of the methanol fraction, water extract, and BHT were 120.8 ${\mu}g$/mL, 135.6 ${\mu}g$/mL, and 150.2 ${\mu}g$/mL, respectively. This research also assessed decreases in the survival of BNLcl2 cells (normal liver cells) by solvent fractions of the A. remotiflora leaf extracts at various concentrations (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000 ${\mu}g$/mL). The water extract did not decrease survival at any of the concentrations when compared to the control group. The hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions decreased survival as compared to the control group by inducing cell toxicity at a concentration of 1,000 ${\mu}g$/mL and above. Therefore, an anticancer activity experiment was conducted using concentrations below 500 ${\mu}g$/mL. At 500 ${\mu}g$/mL, the methanol fraction decreased A549 cell (human lung carcinoma cells) survival by 46% as compared to the control group, presenting the greatest effect against cell survival. All extracts showed greater anticancer activity in Hep G2 cells (human liver carcinoma cells) as compared to the A549 cells. For the Hep G2 cells, the methanol extract decreased survival by 28% as compared to the control group at the concentration of 500 ${\mu}g$/mL, thus restraining lung cancer cell growth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.358-364
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• 2010

Purpose : The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of $Synagis^{(R)}$ (palivizumab) in reducing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) readmission rate in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI ) and the subgroup that showed the most effective vaccination. Methods : We enrolled 350 VLBWI who had been discharged alive from the neonatal intensive care unit of Samsung Medical Center from January 2005 to December 2007 and were followed up for at least one year. A retrospective study based on medical records was performed for a period of one year after discharge. RSV readmission rate was investigated according to BPD (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, requiring oxygen at postnatal day 28) and $Synagis^{(R)}$ prophylaxis. We categorized the subgroups by the severity of BPD gestational age, and birth weight and compared the RSV readmission rates between subgroups. Results : Eleven VLBWI were readmitted. $Synagis^{(R)}$ prophylaxis resulted in a 86% reduction in the rate of readmission due to RSV infection (prophylaxis group, 0.7% and no prophylaxis group, 5.0%; P =0.02). Readmission rate in BPD patients was also reduced in the prophylaxis group (0.7% in the prophylaxis group vs. 5.2% in the no prophylaxis group, P =0.03). The readmission rate in patients without BPD was reduced in the prophylaxis group (0% in the prophylaxis group vs. 4.9% in the no prophylaxis group, P =1.00), but this was not statistically significant.Conclusion : $Synagis^{(R)}$ prophylaxis was effective at reducing RSV readmission in VLBWI. Its efficacy was verified irrespective of BPD, gestational age, or birth weight.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2015

Individuals in the population under a particular environmental condition influencing recurrently for a long time could locally adapted and local adaptation is of a fundamental importance in a breeding program, conservation activities of genetic resources or evolutionary biology. Plants at northern range limits have higher probability of expressing an adaptative genetic trait. The natural community at the northern range limit of Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly) in Buan, Jeollanam-do in Korea was composed of adults of 744 and seedlings of 211 (hereafter Community) and is designated as the Korean Natural Monument (No. 122) by the law. At two adjacent areas to Community, 85 (hereafter Plantation I) and 27 hollies (hereafter Plantation II) were planted respectively for preparations of the next generation. Eighty-five trees were sampled for genetic analysis in the three groups. Fifty-two (36%) of the total 143 amplicons were polymorphic from four AFLP primer combinations. A total of thirteen genotypes was identified and just one genotype was for 52 trees of Community. Seven and five genotypes were shown for Plantation I and II, respectively. There was no identical genotype between Community and Plantation (I or II) or between two plantation groups. Number of private loci was 2 for Community, 6 for Plantation I and 4 for Plantation II. We presumed their genetic backgrounds were quite different with one another and the plantation groups were made independently because they were different not only the genetic compositions but also their ages. Considering the genetic monomorphism by AFLP markers, observations of only male trees and asexual propagation as layerage or cuttage, the hollies in Community might be a genet by root suckering from a single male tree, not the results of selective removal of female trees for ornamental use in the past.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.409-420
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate clinical assessment, panorama & MRI findings and cephalometric characteristics in 42 patients with condylar resorption, who visited in the Department of Oral Medicine Kyungpook National University Hospital at 2006. The results were as follows; 1. Clinical assessment 1) Female was 34 and male was 8, females were predominant. Distribution of age showed as follows; 10s was 14, 20s was 13, 30s was 7, 40s was 3, 50s was 4 and 60s was 1 patient. 10s and 20s were predominant. 2) Most of the patients had parafunctional habit. 2. Findings of panorama & MRI 1) Most of the patients had degree of Grade II condylar resorption by panorama taking. 2) Most of the patients had disc dislocation and belonged to the degree of stage IV by MRI taking. 3. Cephalometric Characteristics 1) SN, SAr and saddle angle in female patients were significantly smaller and SN in male patients showed only significantly smaller than normal group. 2) SNA showed no difference from the normal group in both patients. SNB was smaller and ANB was lager in female patients than normal group. 3) SN-GoMe and FMA increased in patients. 4) Total posterior facial height & ramus height were significantly smaller. 5) Mandibular body length did not show any significant difference.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.101-110
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• 2015

Parameters of mating system and pollen flow of a Pinus densiflora population in Buan, South Korea, were estimated using seven nuclear microsatellite markers. The expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) was 0.614 in mother trees and 0.624 in seeds. Fixation index (F) was 0.018 and 0.087 in each generation. There was no significant genetic difference between the generations (P > 0.05). From MLTR, the outcrossing rate ($t_m$), the biparental inbreeding ($t_m-t_s$), and the correlation of paternity ($r_p$) were 0.967, 0.057, and 0.012, respectively. tm was larger but $t_m-t_s$ and $r_p$ were smaller than those of allozyme markers in Pinus densiflora. These values were similar to those of microsatellite markers in other pine species. The optimal pollen dispersal model from TwoGener was the normal dispersal model with the effective density of 220 trees/ha and its level of genetic differentiation in pollen pool structure (${\Phi}_{ft}$) was 0.021. The average radial distance of pollen flow (${\delta}$) was calculated as 11.42 m, but no correlation between the pairwise-${\Phi}_{ft}$ and the geographical distance among mother trees was at Mantel test (r = -0.141, P > 0.05). Although the effective pollen dispersal in the population seems to be restricted, the amount of genetic variation might be maintained in each generation without a loss of genetic diversity. It might be because the genetic diversity in pollen pool was high but the genetic difference between pollen donors was small under the complete random mating condition in the Pinus densiflora population in Buan.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 1993

Background: Accurate staging of bronchogenic carcinoma is important in determining resectability and metastasis of tumor to the subcarinal nodes is generally believed to indicate poor prognosis. The technique of Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) has offered a safe & effective way to asscess mediastinal lymph node involvement in the staging of lung cancer. We performed TBNA in patients who were suspected lung cancer to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the TBNA. Method: TBNA of the subcarinal lymph node was performed at the time of initial diagnostic bronchoscopy in 60 patients with suspected lung cancer, and 42 cases of histologically proved bronchogenic cancer were analized. Results: The frequency of adequate samples by transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) was 81% and the positive rate of malignant cells by TBNA was 14.7%. There were no differences in positive rates by tumor cell types. In patients with thickened carina on bronchoscopy, the TBNA was positive in 33.3% as compared to 5.3% of normal carina on bronchoscopy, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). In patients with enlarged subcarinal lymph node on chest CT, the positive rate of malignant cells (50.0%) was higher than that of normal sized subcarinal lymph node on chest CT (4.8%) (p<0.01). There were no specific complications in the TBNA procedure. Conclusion: TBNA is a relatively safe procedure and it offers the possibility of avoiding the cost and morbidity of surgical staging in patients especially whose carina is thickened on bronchoscopy and whose subcarinal LN was enlarged on chest CT.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.20 no.1 s.32
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• pp.80-98
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate anti-oxydative, anti-tumor effect for clinical application of Whakijogyungtang (WJT) Results : 1. DPPH radical scavenging activities of WJT water extracts(Exts) were in proportion as concentration of WJT.(3 ${\mu}g/ml:12.6{\pm}2.3$ %) 2. ABTS+ scavenging activities of WJT water Exts were more effective in high density.(3 ${\mu}g/ml:4.3{\pm}1.6$ %, 10 ${\mu}g/ml$: $11.8{\pm}2.5$ %, 30 ${\mu}g/ml:45.3{\pm}3.2%$ 100 ${\mu}g/ml$: $62.7{\pm}4.8%$) 3. Hydrogen peroxide$(H_2O_2)$ scavenging activities of WJT water Exts were effective.(3 ${\mu}g/ml:4.7{\pm}0.8$ %, 10 ${\mu}g/ml: $8.2{\pm}1.6$ %, 30 ${\mu}g/ml:19.5{\pm}3.2$ % 100 ${\mu}g/ml$: $24.6{\pm}3.8$ %) 4. Anti oxidative effects against linoleic acid were not effective. 5. The generation of $O_2\;^-$ in S-180 cells were according to the concentration of WJT water Exts, specially effective over 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration. 6. The SOD activities in S-180 cells were in proportion as cytotoxicity against S-180 cells of WJT water Exts. 7. The GPx activities in S-180 cells were in proportion as cytotoxicity against S-180 cells of WJT water Exts(more effective on 300 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration), but the catalase activities in S-180 cells were not effective. 8. The results of activites against multi-drug-resistance(MDR) of WJT were as follows. 1) In water Exts from WJT, cytotoxicity against AML-2/D100 with vincristine($IC_{50:}39.78$ ${\mu}g/ml$) was more effective than without vincristine($IC_{50:}$ 183.58 ${\mu}g/ml$), Cross resistance(CR:3.85) was not effective, and anti-MDR activites(RF) was effective.(RF:3.85) 2) In hexane fraction, cytotoxicity against AML-2/D100 with vincristine ($IC_{50:}130.88$ ${\mu}g/ml$) was more effective than without vincristine ($IC_{50:}293.10$ ${\mu}g/ml$) and anti-MDR activites(RF) was effective.(RF:4.61) 3) In chloroform fraction, the cytotoxicity against AML-2/WT and AML-2/D100 was not effective. 4) In ethyl acetate fraction, cytotoxicity against AML-2/D100 with vincristine($IC_{50:}36.43$ ${\mu}g/ml$) was more effective than without vincristine ($IC_{50:}73.07$ ${\mu}g/ml$), Cross resistance(CR:0.53) was not effective, and anti-MDR activites(RF) was effective.(RF:2) 5) In butanol fraction, the cytotoxicity against AML-2/WT and AML-2/D100 was not effective. 6) In $H_2O$ fraction, the cytotoxicity against AML-2/WT and AML-2/D100 was not effective. Conclusion : These result suggest that WJT has antioxidative effects, anti-tumor effects by apoptosis of free radical$(O_2\;^-)$ activity, and anti-MDR activites(especially hexane and ethyl acetate fraction).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.428-434
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hypertensive effect of Lactobacillus sp. isolated from Kimchi by examining its effects on renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, lipid components and blood pressure using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) system. Most Lactobacillus sp. extracts (lysozyme, sonication and ethyl acetate extracts) showed higher capacities for the inhibition of ACE activity than those of cultured media. Particularly, LG 7, 8 and 42 of Lactobacillus sp. showed the strongest inhibitory activity among the Lactobacillus sp. extracts. The concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum were lower in the Lactobacillus sp. administration groups than in the control group, but these differences were not significant. The HDL-cholesterol concentrations of the LG 42 administration groups (IX, X) were significantly higher than that of the control group. At 4 weeks, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the LG 42 Lactobacillus sp. ($1{\times}10^9$ cfu/mL) group (XI) was about 27% lower than that of the control group (V). No adverse effects were observed on the liver and there was no difference in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values among groups. The results of this study suggest that long term consumption of LG 42 Lactobacillus sp. may be beneficial to the prevention of high blood pressure.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.280-289
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate ${\mu}TBS$ (microtensile bond strength) of current dentin bonding adhesives which have different hydrophobicity with low-shrinkage silorane resin. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six human third molars were used. Middle dentin was exposed. The teeth were randomly assigned to nine experimental groups: Silorane self-etch adhesives (SS), SS + phosphoric acid etching (SS + pa), Adper easy bond (AE), AE + Silorane system bonding (AE + SSb), Clearfil SE bond (CSE), CSE + SSb, All-Bond 2 (AB2), AB2 + SSb, All-Bond 3 (AB3). After adhesive's were applied, the clinical crowns were restored with Filtek LS (3M ESPE). The 0.8 mm ${\times}$ 0.8 mm sticks were submitted to a tensile load using a Micro Tensile Tester (Bisco Inc.). Water sorption was measured to estimate hydrophobicity adhesives. Results: ${\mu}TBS$ of silorane resin to 5 adhesives: SS, 23.2 MPa; CSE, 19.4 MPa; AB3, 30.3 MPa; AB2 and AE, no bond. Additional layering of SSb: CSE + SSb, 26.2 MPa; AB2 + SSb, 33.9 MPa; AE + SSb, no bond. High value of ${\mu}TBS$ was related to cohesive failure. SS showed the lowest water sorption. AE showed the highest solubility. Conclusions: The hydrophobicity of adhesive increased, and silorane resin bond-strength was also increased. Additional hydrophobic adhesive layer did not increase the bond-strength to silorane resin except AB2 + SSb. All-Bond 3 showed similar ${\mu}TBS$ & water sorption with SS. By these facts, we could reach a conclusion that All-Bond 3 is a competitive adhesive which can replace the Silorane adhesive system.