• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2014

High pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal method used to prevent bacterial growth in the food industry. Currently, pasteurization is the most common method in use for most milk processing, but this has the disadvantage that it leads to changes in the milk's nutritional and chemical properties. Therefore, the effects of HPP treatment on the microbiological and chemical properties of milk were investigated in this study. With the treatment of HPP at 600 MPa and $15^{\circ}C$ for 3 min, the quantity of microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria were reduced to the level of 2-3 log CFU/ml, and coliforms were not detected during a storage period of 15 d at $4^{\circ}C$. An analysis of milk proteins, such as ${\alpha}$-casein, ${\beta}$-casein, ${\kappa}$-casein, ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin by on-chip electorophoresis revealed that the electrophoretic pattern of the proteins from HPP-treated milk was different from that of conventionally treated commercial milk. While the quantities of vitamins and minerals in HPP-treated milk were seen to be comparable to amounts found in raw milk, the enzyme activity of lipase, protease and alkaline phosphatase after HPP treatment was reduced. These results suggest that HPP treatment is a viable method for the control of undesirable microorganisms in milk, allowing for minimal nutritional and chemical changes in the milk during the process.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.232-247
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• 2005

Purpose. The purposes of this investigation were to discover the possibility of clinical application in the areas of dental implants and bone grafts by investigating the bone formation histologically around specimen which was depending on the intensity of magnetic field of neodymium magnet inside of the specimens. Material and method. 1. Measurement of magnetic intensity - placed the magnet inside of the specimen, and measured the intensity of magnetic field around the 1st thread and 3rd thread of specimen 20 times by using a Gaussmeter(Kanetec Co., Japan). 2. Surgical Procedure - Male rabbit was anesthetised by constant amount of Ketamine (0.25ml/kg) and Rompun (0.25ml/kg). After incising the flat part of tibia, and planted the specimens of titanium implant, control group was stitched without magnet, while experimental groups were placed a magnedisc 500(Aichi Steel Co., Japan) or magnedisc 800(Aichi Steel Co., Japan) into it, fixed by pattern resin and stitched. 3. Management after the surgery - In order to prevent it from the infection of bacteria and for antiinflammation, Gentamycin and Ketopro were injected during 1 week from operation day, and dressed with potadine. 4. Preparation of histomorphometric analysis - At 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the surgery, the animals were sacrificed by excessed Ketamine, and then, specimens were obtained including the operated part and some parts of tibia, and fixed it to 10% of PBS buffer solution. After embedding specimens in Technovit 1200 and B.P solution, made a H-E stain. Samples width was 75$\mu$m . In histological findings through the optical microscope and using Kappa image base program(Olympus Co. Japan), the bone contact ratio and bone area ratio of each parts of specimens were measured and analyzed. 5. Statistical analysis - Statistical analysis was accomplished with Mann Whitney U-test. Results and conclusion. 1. In histomorphometric findings, increased new bone formation was shown in both control & experimental groups through the experiment performed for 2, 4 & 8 weeks. After 4 weeks, more osteoblasts and osteoclasts with significant bone remodeling were shown in experimental groups. 2. In histomorphometric analysis, the bone contact ratios were 38.5% for experimental group 1, 29.5% for experimental group 2 and 11.9% for control group. Experimental groups were higher than control group(p<0.05) (Fig. 6, Table IV). The bone area ratios were 60.9% for experimental group 2, 46.4% for experimental group 1 and 36.0% for control group. There was no significantly statistical difference between experimental groups and control group(p<0.05) (Fig. 8, Table VII) 3. In comparision of the bone contact ratios at each measurement sites according to magnetic intensity, experimental group 2(5.6mT) was higher than control group at the 1st thread (p<0.05) and experimental group 1 (1.8mT) was higher than control group at the 3rd thread(p<0.05) (Fig. 7, Table V, VI). 4. In comparision of the bone area ratios at each measurement sites according to magnetic intensity, experimental group 2(5.6mT) was higher than control group and experimental group 1 (4.0mT) at the 1st thread(p<0.1) and experimental group 2(4.4mT) was higher than experimental group 1 (1.8mT) at the 3rd thread(p<0.1) (Fig. 9, Table IX, X). Experiment group 2 was largest, followed by experiment group l and control group at the 3rd thread of implant. There was a significant difference at the 1st thread of control group & experiment group 2, and at 1st thread & 3rd thread of experiment group 1 & 2, and not at control group experiment group 1.(p<0.1)

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2009

Subjects of the research were 668 elderly people aged over 65 from Gangneung city. OHIP 14 went through a first translation from English to Korean, discussion among experts, a second translation from Korean to English, and then the translation was approved. After the primary and main research were carried out, validity and correlation coefficient with the outcome of oral and mental health examination were studied. OHIP 14 in terms of the perception of oral health was relevant to the perception of overall health and oral health, the necessity of dental treatment, the satisfaction about oral health, the level of pain from observation, and the satisfaction about artificial tooth. OHIP 14 on account of oral health state was related to the number of present natural teeth, the necessity of dental treatment, and the status of no teeth. OHIP 14 according to overall health was correlated to the number of ailments, the state of mind, nerve systems, bones and sinews, digestive systems, urogenital systems, cerebrovascular systems, respiratory systems, eyes, ears, and dementia. OHIP 14 according to the perception of oral health showed a significant difference in the perception of overall health and oral health, the level of pain in terms of observation, and the satisfaction on artificial tooth. OHIP 14 on account of oral health state demonstrated a meaningful difference in the number of present natural teeth, the necessity of dental treatment, and status of no teeth. OHIP 14 in terms of overall health exhibited considerable difference in the state of mind, nerve systems, bones and sinews, digestive systems, cerebrovascular systems, respiratory systems, ears, and dementia. From the study, it was proven that there was relevance between the validity of OHIP 14 and the perception of oral health, the state of oral health, and the state of overall health in the experiment on some Korean elderly people.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1381-1387
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• 1998

Laminated films were prepared by casting corn-zein and fatty acid mixed solutions onto ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ films, and the effect of various fatty acids with different concentrations on the film properties such as water vapor permeabilities (WVP), tensile strength (TS) and elongation was investigated. WVP of the film decreased as concentration of fatty acids increased, and the lowest WVP value $(0.497\;ng\;m/m^2\;s\;Pa)$ was achieved with laminated films containing 30% lauric acid/corn-zein. The TS of laminated edible film seemed to decrease as the concentration of fatty acids increased, and TS of the laminated film was the highest (36.21 MPa) when the film contained 10% oleic acid. Weight loss of the minced mackerels packaged with corn-zein/carrageenan film which did not contain fatty acid was 11.7%, but weight losses of the samples packaged with oleic acid and lauric acid were 6.97% and 0.81%, respectively, after 30 days storage at $-20^{\circ}C$. The laminated films had an effect on preventing oxidation of the minced mackerels during storage because of high oxygen barrier property of the film. All of the minced mackerels packaged with the laminated films greatly reduced the peroxide value (POV) compared with unpackaged minced mackerels during storage. Also, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of the minced mackerels packaged with the laminated films were lower than that of unpackaged minced mackerels during storage.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.33-44
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• 2001

The paper presents several satellite models and satellite image decomposition methods for inaccessible area where ground control points can hardly acquired in conventional ways. First, 10 different satellite sensor models, which were extended from collinearity condition equations, were developed and then behavior of each sensor model was investigated. Secondly, satellite images were decomposed and also pseudo images were generated. The satellite sensor model extended from collinearity equations was represented by the six exterior orientation parameters in $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ order function of satellite image row. Among them, the rotational angle parameters such as $\omega$(omega) and $\Phi$(phi) correlated highly with positional parameters could be assigned to constant values. For inaccessible area, satellite images were decomposed, which means that two consecutive images were combined as one image, The combined image consists of one satellite image with ground control points and the other without ground control points. In addition, a pseudo image which is an imaginary image, was prepared from one satellite image with ground control points and the other without ground control points. In other words, the pseudo image is an arbitrary image bridging two consecutive images. For the experiments, SPOT satellite images exposed to the similar area in different pass were used. Conclusively, it was found that 10 different satellite sensor models and 5 different decomposed methods delivered different levels of accuracy. Among them, the satellite camera model with 1st order function of image row for positional orientation parameters and rotational angle parameter of kappa, and constant rotational angle parameter omega and phi provided the best 60m maximum error at check point with pseudo images arrangement.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.225-233
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• 2021

In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of extract from Cudrania tricuspidata twig sawdust fermented with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium. Fermented Cudrania tricuspidata twig sawdust extracted with 70% ethanol and elucidated the potential signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Fermented Cudrania tricuspidata twig sawdust inhibits LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production without affecting cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and prostaglandin2 (PGE₂). Fermented Cudrania tricuspidata twig sawdust also suppressed the expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, Fermented Cudrania tricuspidata twig sawdust significantly attenuated LPS-induced IkappaB (IκB) degradation and suppressed nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. These results suggest that fermented Cudrania tricuspidata twig sawdust may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory agent.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2023

Myriophyllum spicatum L. has been used as an ornamental in ponds and aquariums, and as a folk remedy for inflammation and pus. Nevertheless, the biological activity and underlying mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects are unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of Myriophyllum spicatum L. (EMS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Antioxidant activity of EMS was assessed by radical-scavenging effects on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. As inflammatory response parameters produced by LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were quantified to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of EMS. Our results showed that EMS increased FRAP and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. In EMS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, the production of NO, PGE₂, TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly inhibited at the non-cytotoxic concentration. In addition, EMS significantly attenuated LPS-stimulated the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/myeloid differentiation protein (MyD) 88 signaling pathway, and inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB). Positive correlations were noted between anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, it was indicated that EMS suppresses the transcription of inflammatory factors by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby suppressing LPS-stimulated inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. This study highlights the potential role of EMS against inflammation and associated diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.3-30
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• 1979

Larch ($\underline{Larix}$ $\underline{leptolepis}$ GORDON), one of the major afforestation species in Korea in view of its growing stock and rate of growth, is not favored as a raw material for pulp due to its low yield of pulp and difficulties with bleaching arising from the high content of extractives in wood, and the high heartwood ratio and the active phenolics, respectively. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of firstly pulping with various additives of cellulose protector for the yield of pulp, and secondly bleaching with oxygen for chlotination-alkali extraction of five stage-sequence to reduce chlorine compounds in bleaching effluents. The kraft cooking liquor for five age groups of larchwood was 18 percent active alkali with 25 percent sulfidity and 5 : 1 liquor-to-wood ratio, and each soda liquor for sap-and heart-wood of the 15-year-old larchwood was 18 percent alkali having one of the following cellulose protectors as the additive; magnesium sulfate ($MgSO_4$, 2.5%), zinc sulfate ($ZnSO_4$, 2.5%), aluminium sulfate ($Al_2(SO_4)_3$, 2.5%), potasium iodide (KI, 2.5%), hydroquinone (HQ, 2.5%), anthraquinone (AQ, 0.1%) and ethylene diamine (EDA, 2.5%). Then each anthraquinone-soda liquor for the determination of suitable cooking condition was the active alkali level of 15, 17 and 19 percent with 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 percent anthraquinone, respectively. The cooking procedure for the pulps was scheduled to heat to 170$^{\circ}C$ in 90 minutes and to cook 90 minutes at the maximum temperature. The anthraquinone-soda pulps from both heartwood and sapwood of 15-year-old larchwood prepared with 0.5 percent anthraquinone and 18 percent active alkali were bleached in a four-stage sequency of OCED. (O: oxygen bleaching, D: chlorine dioxide bleaching and E: alkali extraction). In the first stage oxygen in atmospheric pressure was applied to a 30 percent consistency of pulp with 0.1 percent magnesium oxide (MgO) and 3, 6, and 9 percent sodium hydroxide on oven dry base, and the bleached results were compared pulps bleached under the conventional CEDED (C: chlorination). The results in the study were summarized as follows: 1. The screened yield of larch kraft pulp did not differ from particular ages to age group, but heartwood ratio, basic density, fiber length and water-extractives contents of wood and the tear factor of the pulp increased with increasing the tree age. The total yield of the pulp decreased. 2. The yield of soda pulp with various chemicals for cellulose protection of the 15-year-old larchwood increased slightly more than that of pure soda pulp and was slightly lower than that of kraft pulp. The influence of cellulose protectors was similar to the yield of pulps from both sapwood and heartwood. The effective protectors among seven additives were KI, $MgSO_4$ and AQ, for which the yields of screened pulp was as high as that of kraft pulp. Considering the additive level of protector, the AQ was the most effective in improving the yield and the quality of pulp. 3. When the amount of AQ increased in soda cooking, the yield and the quality of the pulp increased but rejects in total yield increased with decreasing the amount of active alkali from 19 to 15 percent. The best proportion of the AQ seemed to be 0.5 percent at 17 percent active alkali in anthraquinone-soda pulping. 4. On the bleaching of the AQ-soda pulp at 30 percent consistency with oxygen of atomospheric pressure in the first stage of the ODED sequence, the more caustic soda added, the brighter bleached pulp was obtained, but more lignin-selective bleaching reagent in proportion to the oxygen was necessary to maintain the increased yield with the addition of anthraquinone. 5. In conclusion, the suitable pulping condition for larchwood to improve the yield and quality of the chemical pulp to the level for kraft pulp from conventional process seemed to be. A) the selection of young larchwood to prevent decreasing in yield and quality due to the accumulation extractives in old wood, B) the application of 0.5 percent anthraquinone to the conventional soda cooking of 18 percent active alkali, and followed, C) the bleaching of oxygen in atmospheric pressure on high consistency (30%) with 0.1 percent magnesium oxide in the first stage of the ODED sequence to reduce the content of chlorine compounds in effluent.