• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1728-1735
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• 2014

Scrub typhus, caused by infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a mite-borne zoonotic disease endemic to the Asian-Pacific region. In Korea, the incidence of this disease has increased with climate changes, and over 10,000 cases of infection were reported in 2013. Although this infection is treatable with antibiotics such as doxycycline and azithromycin, an effective prophylactic vaccine against O. tsutsugamushi would be more desirable for preventing scrub typhus in endemic areas. In this study, we investigated the 56-kDa type-specific antigen (TSA56), which is a major outer membrane protein of O. tsutsugamushi, as a vaccine candidate. Intranasal immunization of recombinant TSA56 (rec56) induced a higher level of TSA56-specific IgG than that induced by intramuscular immunization of tsa56-expressing DNA (p56). Both types of immunization induced a cell-mediated immune response to TSA56, as demonstrated by the splenic cell proliferation assay. Mice immunized with p56, followed by rec56 plus heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit from E. coli, had a stronger protection from a homologous challenge with the O. tsutsugamushi Boryong strain than with other combinations. Our preliminary results suggest that an effective human vaccine for scrub typhus can include either recombinant TSA56 protein or tsa56-expressing DNA, and provide the basis for further studies to optimize vaccine performance using additional antigens or different adjuvants.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 1987

In order to determine the $^{56}Mn\;{\gamma}$-detection efficiency of a $MnSO_4$ bath system, it is essential to do the absolute activity measurement of $^{56}Mn$ solution. For the fabrication of $^{56}Mn$ samples, a 13.718 mg of $^{56}Mn$ metal flake with 99.99% purity was irradiated for 12 minutes at the thermal neutron field of about $10^{13}n/cm^2s$ of flux density. The neutron activated $^{56}Mn$ metal sample was dissolved in 50 ml of 0.1 N-HCl solution. The $^{56}Mn$ samples were fabricated by using the dissolved stock solution and the activity of each of them was measured by the $4{\pi}{\beta}-{\gamma}$ coincidence counting technique. The obtained result was 408.070 kBq/mg with total uncertainty of 0.366% at reference date, 0 h on October 15, 1987.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2008

The absolute structure of a compound $C_{56}H_{56}Cl_6Cr_2P_4$ with enantiomorphic space groups $P6_122$ was confirmed by means of anomalous dispersion effect.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2002

Bacillus sp. A56 was studied, because of its high flocculating activity. The flocculating substance produced by this strain was purified by ethanol precipitation, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) precipitation, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The FT-IR spectrum of the purified bioflocculant, designated as BF-56, showed typical characteristics of polysaccharides. The non-sugar substituents, and sugar components of BF-56 containing glucose, fucose, glucuronic acid, and galactose in an approximate molar ratio of 2.76:1.10:1:0.12, suggested that it was a novel bioflocculant with an estimated molecular mass of over $7{\times}10^3$ kDa. Rheological analysis of BF-56 revealed that it was a pseudoplastic that had higher apparent viscosity rate at dilute concentrations than those of zooglan. The solution of bioflocculant BF-56 exhibited non-Newtonian characteristics and it was compatible to high concentrations of salts such as KCl, NaCl, $CaCl_2,\;or\;FeCl_3.$ The present results suggested strong possibility of bioflocculant BF-56 to be fully applicable to industries such as wastewater treatment.

• BMB Reports
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.411-416
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• 2014

In the present study, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of 56-kDa human selenium binding protein-1 (hSP56) in PC-3 cells that do not normally express hSP56 results in a marked inhibition of cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Down-regulation of hSP56 in LNCaP cells that normally express hSP56 results in enhanced anchorage-independent growth. PC-3 cells expressing hSP56 exhibit a significant reduction of hypoxia inducible protein (HIF)-$1{\alpha}$ protein levels under hypoxic conditions without altering HIF-$1{\alpha}$ mRNA (HIF1A) levels. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that hSP56 plays a critical role in prostate cells by mechanisms including negative regulation of HIF-$1{\alpha}$, thus identifying hSP56 as a candidate anti-oncogene product.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3757-3761
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of the CD56+NK-TIL count in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) of breast. Material and Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using antibodies specific for CD56 on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 175 infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDC) of breast. Distribution of intratumoral and stromal CD56+NK-TILs was assessed semi-quantitatively. Results: A low intratumoral CD56+count showed significant and inverse associations with tumor grade, stage, and lymph node status, whereas it had significant and direct association with response to treatment indicating good prognosis. These patients had better survival (${\chi}^2$=4.80, p<0.05) and 0.52 fold lower death rate (HR=0.52, 95% CI=0.28-0.93) as compared to patients with high CD56+ intratumoral count. The association of survival was insignificant with low CD56 stromal count as compared to high CD56 stromal count (${\chi}^2$=1.60, p>0.05). Conclusion: To conclude, although NK-TIL count appeared as a significant predictor of prognosis, it alone may not be sufficient for predicting the outcome considering the fact that there exists a crosstalk between NK-TILs and the other immune infiltrating TILs.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.351-361
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• 2018

Sucrose is a crucial compound for the growth and development of plants, and the regulation of multiple genes depends on the amount of soluble sugars present. Sucrose acts as a signaling molecule that regulates a proton-sucrose symporter, with its sensor being the sucrose transporter. Flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis are regulated by sucrose, and sucrose signaling can affect flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation. In the present study, we found a Myb transcription factor affecting accumulation of anthocyanin. AtMyb56 showed an increase in its expression in response to sucrose treatment. Under normal conditions, anthocyanin accumulation was similar between Col-0 (wild type) and atmyb56 mutant seedlings; however, under sucrose treatment, the level of anthocyanin accumulation was lower in the atmyb56 mutant plants than in Col-0 plants. Preliminary microarray analysis led to the investigation of the expression of one candidate gene, AtGPT2, in the atmyb56 mutant. The phosphate translocator, which is a plastidial phosphate antiporter family, catalyzes the import of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) into the chloroplast. AtGPT2 gene expression was altered in atmyb56 seedlings in a sucrose-dependent manner in response to circadian cycle. Furthermore, the lack of AtMyb56 resulted in altered accumulation of maltose in a sucrose-dependent manner. Therefore, the sucrose responsive AtMyb56 regulates AtGPT2 gene expression in a sucrose-dependent manner to modulate maltose and anthocyanin accumulations in response to the circadian cycle.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.53-57
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• 1996

In this study we investigated the effect of hydroxybrazilin on glutathione depletion induced by BrCCl$_3$ and menadione in cultured hepatocytes to understand the cellular mechanisms of hepatoprotective effect of hydroxybrazilin. Hydroxybrazilin alone had no effect on total glutathione level and the ratio of reduced glutathione/total glutathione (GSH/(GSSG+GSH)). BrCCl$_3$ dramatically decreased total glutathione level and hydroxybrazilin significantly prevented glutathion depletion by BrCCl$_3$. The ratio of GSH/(GSSG+ GSH) was also decreased by BrCCl$_3$ and recovered by hydroxybrazilin treatment. Menadione decreased total glutathione level and the ratio of GSH/(GSSG+GSH) but hydroxybrazilin showed no significant effects on menadione-induced glutathione depletion. These data suggest that hydroxybrazilin might prevent the hepatotoxicity induced by chemicalderived radicals but not the toxicity linked with oxidative stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-20
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• 2004

Effects of monovalent cations were examined on the fast $\beta$reaction of $\alpha$D56N and $\alpha$D56G mutant tryptophan synthase. Reaction rates for the production and degradation of intermediates in the reaction were changed in the presence of cathons. The mutant proteins showed different reaction rates from those of wild-type protein, and additional changes occurred in the presence of cations. The results showed that monovalent cations and $\alpha$D56 are important in allosteric properties of this protein.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2002

Chitin, a $\beta$-1,4 polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, is one of the most abundant organic compounds in nature. Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) is an enzyme that degrades chitin to chito-oligosaccharides, diacetyl rhitobiose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. An extracellular chitinase-producing bacterial strain was isolated from soil and named to as Bacillus subtilis JK-56. Optimum culture condition of B. subtilis JK-56 for the production of chitinase was 1% chitin, 0.5% polypepton, 0.1% KCl, 0.05% MnS $O_4$.4$H_2O$, 37$^{\circ}C$, initial pH 7.0 and 40 hour culture time. When B. subtilis JK-56 was grown in the optimum medium, one major active band and two minor active bands were detected by native-PAGE and active staining of the gel. Among them, the major band was purified from the culture supernatant by 70% ammonium sulfate precipitation and native-PAGE with BIO-RAD Model 491 Prep-Cell and named as Chi-56A. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 53kDa monomer and the isoelectric point (pI) was pH 4.3. The pH and temperature for the optimum activity of Chi-56A were pH 6.0 and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively. Chi-56A was stable up to $65^{\circ}C$ and in alkaline region. Its $K_{m}$ value for colloidal chitin was 17.33g/L. HPLC analysis of the reaction products confirmed that Chi-56A was an exo type chitinase.e.